Carbon Nanotube‐Based Biosensor

Wohlstadter, Jacob N.; Wilbur, James L.; Sigal, George B.; Biebuyck, Hans A.; Billadeau, Mark A.; Dong, Liwen; Fischer, Alan B.; Gudibande, Satyanarayana R.; Jameison, Stephanie H.; Kenten, John H.; Leginus, Joseph; Leland, Jonathan K.; Massey, Richard J.; Wohlstadter, Samuel J.

doi:10.1002/adma.200304259

Cited by 209 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Covalent attachment of proteins on carboxylated CNTs using the popular cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) was first reported by Huang et al (12) and Jiang et al (13). Since then, it has been widely used in the covalent immobilization of proteins on carboxylated CNTs in biosensing studies (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes Using the Cross-Linker 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide—a Critical Assessment

2008

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Functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with proteins is often a key step in their biological applications, particularly in biosensing. One popular method has used the cross-linker 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) to covalently conjugate proteins onto carboxylated CNTs. In this article, we critically assess the evidence presented in these conjugation studies in the literature. As CNTs have a natural affinity for diverse proteins through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, it is therefore important to differentiate protein covalent attachment from adsorption in the immobilization mechanism. Unfortunately, many studies of conjugating proteins onto CNTs using EDC lacked essential controls to eliminate the possibility of protein adsorption. In studies where the attachment was claimed to be covalent, discrepancies existed and the observed immobilization appeared to be due to adsorption. So far, bond analysis has been lacking to ascertain the nature of the attachment using EDC. We recommend that this approach of covalent immobilization of proteins on CNTs be re-evaluated and treated with caution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes Using the Cross-Linker 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide—a Critical Assessment

2008

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“…Wohlstadter et al [14] used strong acid to etch a densely packed nanotube sheet resulting in the availability of surface carboxylic acid groups. Streptavidin was immobilised on the nanotube sheet by carbodiimide-activated coupling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube-based transducers for immunoassays

Lynam¹,

Gilmartin²,

Minett³

et al. 2009

Carbon

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“…17 A CNT-poly(ethylene vinylacetate) EVA composite was used to develop an immunoassay that detected electrochemiluminescence (ECL). 18 Disks of the nanotube composite were acid oxidized. Subsequently strepavidin was covalently bound and biotinylated anti-a-fetoprotein (AFP) immobilized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediated amperometric immunosensing using single walled carbon nanotube forests

O'Connor

Kim

Killard

et al. 2004

Analyst

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A prototype amperometric immunosensor was evaluated based on the adsorption of antibodies onto perpendicularly oriented assemblies of single wall carbon nanotubes called SWNT forests. The forests were selfassembled from oxidatively shortened SWNTs onto Nafion/iron oxide coated pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The nanotube forests were characterized using atomic force microscopy and resonance Raman spectroscopy. Anti-biotin antibody strongly adsorbed to the SWNT forests. In the presence of a soluble mediator, the detection limit for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled biotin was 2.5 pmol ml 21 (2.5 nM). Unlabelled biotin was detected in a competitive approach with a detection limit of 16 nmol ml 21 (16 mM) and a relative standard deviation of 12%. The immunosensor showed low non-specific adsorption of biotin-HRP (approx. 0.1%) when blocked with bovine serum albumin. This immunosensing approach using high surface area, patternable, conductive SWNT assemblies may eventually prove useful for nano-biosensing arrays.

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Carbon Nanotube‐Based Biosensor

Cited by 209 publications

References 28 publications

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes Using the Cross-Linker 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide—a Critical Assessment

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes Using the Cross-Linker 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide—a Critical Assessment

Carbon nanotube-based transducers for immunoassays

Mediated amperometric immunosensing using single walled carbon nanotube forests

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