Carbon nanotube materials for electrocardiography

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes as 1D nanomaterials of excellent physicochemical characteristics bring hope to compete and eventually conquer traditional solutions in electrocardiography – the most powerful non-invasive diagnostic tools in cardiac disorders.

Carbon Nanotube Wearable Sensors for Health Diagnostics

“…Perhaps the most explored area of research in the analyzed field deals with the use of CNTs for electrocardiography [ 146 ]. As recently demonstrated by Kolanowska and colleagues, CNTs excel in this field due to their high flexibility, impressive electrical conductivity, and low mass density, which dramatically reduces the device’s weight [ 147 ].…”

Hybrid 1D/2D nanocarbon-based conducting polymer nanocomposites for high-performance wearable electrodes

“…[27][28][29] Therefore, various studies have been conducted on transparent and flexible functional electrodes composed of CNT-based soft polymers. [30][31][32] Specifically, it is possible to establish a scalable solution-based process by controlling the CNT content of the non-porous network in the soft polymer and the strength of the interface between the polymer and CNTs functionalized with various functional groups. Gilshteyn et al reported a singlewalled CNT (SWCNT)/hydrogel-based electrode with a transmittance of 60% and an elasticity range of 15%-100% by transferring an SWCNT film, synthesized via an aerosol (floating catalyst) chemical vapor deposition method, to the hydrogel structure.…”

“…However, despite these notable efforts, the development of scalable and cost-effective ECG wearable electrodes via controlled interfacial engineering between soft polymers and carbon nanomaterials such as SWCNTs, MWCNTs, and graphene remains a challenge. 31,[37][38][39] In this study, a wearable electrode based on PDMS-1D SWCNTs/2D reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) with uniform and excellent conductivity was developed. In addition, an ECG system with Bluetooth features, which facilitates accurate and continuous wireless monitoring, was explored by introducing a customized electrode with a macro grid pattern structure exhibiting low skin-electrode contact resistance.…”

“…However, despite these notable efforts, the development of scalable and cost-effective ECG wearable electrodes via controlled interfacial engineering between soft polymers and carbon nanomaterials such as SWCNTs, MWCNTs, and graphene remains a challenge. 31,37–39…”

Biomimetic Synthesized Conductive Copolymer EDOT-Pyrrole Electrodes for Electrocardiogram Recording in Humans

“…To overcome the biocompatibility effects, recent advances in electrode materials have been made, in order to achieve comfortable, flexible and biocompatible electrodes. A wide variety of materials have been employed, such as carbon nanomaterials [1], carbon nanotubes [2], metallic nanoparticles [3], inorganic semiconductors [4], and electroconductive polymers. Conductive polymers are very promising for electrode materials because they are soft, electrically conductive, low cost, easily synthesized, and biocompatible with human tissues [5] [6].…”