Carbon nanotube yarn based thermoelectric textiles for harvesting thermal energy and powering electronics

Zheng, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Qihao; Jin, Wen-Long; Jing, Yuanyuan; Chen, Xinyi; Han, Xue; Bao, Qinye; Liu, Yanping; Wang, Xinhou; Wang, Shiren; Qiu, Yiping; Di, Chong‐an; Zhang, Kun

doi:10.1039/c9ta12494b

Cited by 135 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…ZT for the films is calculated by assuming that the thermal conductivities of the PEI doped films remain constant as the concentration varies from 5 to 20 wt.% PEI. 3 SWCNT-PEI, 4 SWCNT, 4 MWCNT-PEI, 5 and MWCNT-PEDOT:PSS. 5 This work (indicated by ) shows high PF with lower κ than other reported materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

In-Plane Thermoelectric Properties of Flexible and Room-Temperature-Doped Carbon Nanotube Films

Chatterjee

Negi

Kim

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Soft materials with high power factors (PFs) and low thermal conductivity (κ) are critically important for integration of thermoelectric (TE) modules into flexible form factors for energy harvesting or cooling applications. Here, air stable p- and n-type multiwalled carbon nanotube films with high PFs (up to 521 μW/m K2) are reported, with n-type doping carried out in a facile two-step process. The maximum figures of merit (ZTs) of p-type and n-type CNTs are obtained as 0.019 and 0.015 at 300 K, respectively, with all three transport propertiesSeebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and κmeasured in-plane, providing a more accurate ZT. Using time-domain thermoreflectance, we report a fast and non-contact measurement of κ without complex microfabrication or material processing. Moreover, there is no material mismatch between the p- and n-type legs of the TE module. Such materials have the potential for widespread applications in inexpensive and scalable wearable energy harvesting and localized heating/cooling.

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confidence: 99%

In-Plane Thermoelectric Properties of Flexible and Room-Temperature-Doped Carbon Nanotube Films

Chatterjee

Negi

Kim

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…This was attributed to the dipole moments arising from both the ethylamine molecule from PEI as well as the ethylamine/CNT interface dipole as the PEI is physisorbed onto the outer layers of the MWCNTs [232]. These yarns were then knitted into a 3D fabric with a spacer in between, creating the TET with a maximum power output of 51.5 mW/m 2 at an applied temperature gradient of 47.5 K [6]. At the fabric level, Yu et al used vacuum [81].…”

Section: Carbon-based Thermoelectric Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Textiles provide an accessible platform for the deployment of TEC devices due to the conformal and intimate contact they make with the body. Additionally, the hierarchical nature of fabrics as they progress from fiber to yarn to fabric allows the integration of TEC modules directly into the woven structure, thereby creating a more seamless fabric-based TEC device [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoelectric Materials for Textile Applications

Chatterjee

Ghosh

2021

Molecules

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Since prehistoric times, textiles have served an important role–providing necessary protection and comfort. Recently, the rise of electronic textiles (e-textiles) as part of the larger efforts to develop smart textiles, has paved the way for enhancing textile functionalities including sensing, energy harvesting, and active heating and cooling. Recent attention has focused on the integration of thermoelectric (TE) functionalities into textiles—making fabrics capable of either converting body heating into electricity (Seebeck effect) or conversely using electricity to provide next-to-skin heating/cooling (Peltier effect). Various TE materials have been explored, classified broadly into (i) inorganic, (ii) organic, and (iii) hybrid organic-inorganic. TE figure-of-merit (ZT) is commonly used to correlate Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity. For textiles, it is important to think of appropriate materials not just in terms of ZT, but also whether they are flexible, conformable, and easily processable. Commercial TEs usually compromise rigid, sometimes toxic, inorganic materials such as bismuth and lead. For textiles, organic and hybrid TE materials are more appropriate. Carbon-based TE materials have been especially attractive since graphene and carbon nanotubes have excellent transport properties with easy modifications to create TE materials with high ZT and textile compatibility. This review focuses on flexible TE materials and their integration into textiles.

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“…In addition to pure CNT, Kim et al reported SWCNT/poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite fibers with p-and n-type power factors of 378 ± 56 and 298 ± 98 µW m −1 K −2 respectively 16 . Recently, Zheng et al designed three-dimensional thermoelectric textiles (TETs) with a high output power density of 51.5 mWm −2 and a high specific power of 171.7 µW(gK) −1 at ∆T = 47.5 K 17 . Despite high power factor, all these reports are based on CNT yarn composed of SWCNTs or DWCNTs 9,13,[15][16][17] , which require precise control in fabrication process, and hence incurring high cost for mass production.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Zheng et al designed three-dimensional thermoelectric textiles (TETs) with a high output power density of 51.5 mWm −2 and a high specific power of 171.7 µW(gK) −1 at ∆T = 47.5 K 17 . Despite high power factor, all these reports are based on CNT yarn composed of SWCNTs or DWCNTs 9,13,[15][16][17] , which require precise control in fabrication process, and hence incurring high cost for mass production. Therefore, the application of CNT yarn made of few-walled CNTs (FWCNTs) in TE generators is more attractive to explore, compared to that of SWCNTs or DWCNTs, owing to low fabrication cost and availability of large quantity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Electronic States of Few-walled Carbon Nanotube Yarn via Joule-annealing and p-type Doping Towards Large Thermoelectric Power Factor

Myint

Nishikawa

Omoto

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Flexible, lightweight and robust thermoelectric (TE) materials have attracted much attention to convert waste heat from low-grade heat sources, such as human body, to electricity. Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn is one of the potential TE materials owing to its narrow band-gap energy, high charge carrier mobility, and excellent mechanical property, which is conducive for flexible and wearable devices. Herein, we propose a way to improve the power factor of CNT yarns fabricated from few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) by two-step method; Joule-annealing in the vacuum followed by doping with ptype dopants, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluo-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). Numerical calculations and experimental results explain that Joule-annealing and doping modulate the electronic states (Fermi energy level) of FWCNTs, resulting in extremely large thermoelectric power factor of 2250 µW m −1 K −2 at a measurement temperature of 423 K. Joule-annealing removes amorphous carbon on the surface of the CNT yarn, which facilitates doping in the subsequent step, and leads to higher Seebeck coefficient due to the transformation from (semi) metallic to semiconductor behavior. Doping also significantly increases the electrical conductivity due to the effective charge transfers between CNT yarn and F4TCNQ upon the removal of amorphous carbon after Joule-annealing. Nowadays, personnel electronic devices are ubiquitous in our daily lives. However, these devices heavily rely on batteries for operation while there are various forms of heat (energy) dissipated into our environment including our body heat as a waste 1,2. Therefore, flexible thermoelectric (TE) device becomes a promising technology to power the personal electronic devices from surrounding waste heat. The performance of the TE materials is usually determined by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S 2 σ T/κ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient or thermopower (V K −1), σ is the electrical conductivity (S cm −1), T is the absolute temperature (K) and κ is the thermal conductivity (W m −1 K −1) 3. Power factor, P = S 2 σ can also be used alternatively to explain the thermoelectric performance of materials 4-7. Recently, TE performance has been optimized through formation of nanocomposite with conducting polymers, point defect engineering, energy filtering, controlling the density of state, and so on 8-10. Consequently, many semiconductors that provide the best TE performance are costly to fabricate since they are based on inorganic counterparts. Due to the scarcity of raw materials, and toxicity, inorganic semiconductors have a lot of drawbacks for fabrication of ubiquitous TE generators 11,12. Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn is one of the potential ubiquitous TE materials because flexible, wearable, lightweight and robust TE devices can be easily fabricated from CNT yarn 9. Moreover, the carrier type of the CNT yarn can be easily altered by simple doping, paving it for using in various wearable or flexible TE applications 1,13,14. Several methods have been attempted to improve the T...

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Carbon nanotube yarn based thermoelectric textiles for harvesting thermal energy and powering electronics

Cited by 135 publications

References 77 publications

In-Plane Thermoelectric Properties of Flexible and Room-Temperature-Doped Carbon Nanotube Films

In-Plane Thermoelectric Properties of Flexible and Room-Temperature-Doped Carbon Nanotube Films

Thermoelectric Materials for Textile Applications

Controlling Electronic States of Few-walled Carbon Nanotube Yarn via Joule-annealing and p-type Doping Towards Large Thermoelectric Power Factor

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