Carbon Nanotubes: A Review of Chemistry Principles and Reactions

Moradi, Omid; Yari, Mohammad; Zare, Kazem; Mirza, Behrouz; Najafi, Fahimeh

doi:10.1080/1536383x.2010.533312

Cited by 117 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Huang et al [34•] used MgCl 2 -modified zeolite to simultaneously precipitate ammonium and phosphate ions as struvite utilizing the Mg 2+ -loaded zeolite as the magnesium source. Recently, some novel adsorbents, such as carbon nanotubes [35], hydrogels [36], and natural substances such as wheat straw and volcanic tuff, [37] have been reported for ammonium removal. Wang et al [38] synthesized palygorskite nanocomposite which exhibited excellent adsorption capacity of 237.7 mg/g and was reused as a slow-release fertilizer.…”

Section: Methods Of Nitrogen Recovery Ion Exchange and Adsorption-basmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater

2015

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Use of nitrogen-and phosphorus-based synthetic fertilizers shows an increasing trend, but this has led to largescale influx of reactive nitrogen in the environment, with serious implications on human health and the environment. On the other hand, phosphorus, a non-renewable resource, faces a serious risk of depletion. Therefore, recovery and reuse of nitrogen and phosphorus is highly desirable. For nitrogen recovery, an ion exchange/adsorption-based process provides concentrated streams of reactive nitrogen. Bioelectrochemical systems efficiently and effectively recover nitrogen as NH 3 (g) or (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Air stripping of ammonia from anaerobic digestate has been reported to recover 70-92 % of nitrogen. Membrane separation provides recovery in the order of 99-100 % with no secondary pollutant in the permeate.With regard to phosphorus (P) removal, physical filtration and membrane processes have the potential to reduce suspended P to trace amounts but provide minimal dissolved P removal. Chemical precipitation can remove 80-99 % P in wastewater streams and recover it in the form of fertilizer (struvite). Acid hydrolysis can convert recovered P into usable phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers. Physical-chemical adsorption and ion exchange media can reduce P to trace or non-detect concentrations, with minimal waste production and high reusability. Biological assimilation through constructed wetlands removes both N (83-87 %) and P (70-85 %) from wastewaters, with recovery in the form of fish/animal feeds and biofuel. The paper discusses methods and important results on recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.

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Section: Methods Of Nitrogen Recovery Ion Exchange and Adsorption-basmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater

2015

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“…12,13 Due to their high length-to-diameter ratio, high mechanical strength, large surface areas, chemical and thermal stability, electronic and optical properties, CNTs become valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. 11,14 Their unique mechanical strength are due to the strength of the chemical bonds of CNT entirely composed of sp 2 bonds, similar to those of graphite, stronger than the sp 3 bonds found in alkanes and diamond. 14 These cylindrical CNTs have been constructed with a length-to-diameter ratio significantly larger than any other material with a very large surface area, which makes CNT amenable for high sensitivity molecular detection and recognition in biological systems.…”

Section: Tumor Theranostics Applications Of Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanomaterials for Tumor Targeting Theranostics

Leitão¹,

Simões²,

Silva³

2016

Nanomaterials for Tumor Targeting Theranostics

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Carbon nanomaterials are the focus of an intense research in several areas of science. Due to their apparent low toxicity, when compared to other nanomaterials, carbon based nanoparticles found particularly important applications in biomedicine. Indeed, carbon shows many nanoallotropic forms like carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots, fullerene and nanodiamonds. Some of them show fluorescence in the visible wavelength range, like graphene and carbon dots, but all have in common being nanosized with the corresponding properties. The main theranostics applications of carbon based nanomaterials (the fluorescent nanoallotropes) are for improving tumor imaging, allowing earlier detection, and specific drug delivery allowing high treatment efficient and reduced side effects. This chapter will describe the carbon nanomaterials mostly used for tumor targeting theranostics, their properties and the engineering strategies used to modify them. Also, the most successful biomedical applications of the carbon nanomaterials will be described.

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“…CNTs are promising materials for the environmental pollution management due to their highly porous and hollow structure, large specific surface area, light mass density and strong interaction between carbon and target species [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. These potential applications depend on large-scale synthesis of CNTs, hence many methods have been developed to synthesize CNTs such as laser ablation, arc discharge and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%