Carbon: Nitrogen (C:N) ratio level variation influences microbial community of the system and growth as well as immunity of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc based culture system

Panigrahi, A.; Saranya, C.; Maruthamuthu, S.; Kannan, S.R. Vinoth; Das, R.R.; Kumar, Ramya; Rajesh, P; Otta, Subhendu Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.035

Cited by 150 publications

(134 citation statements)

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“…The C:N ratio plays a critical role in the development of the microbial community (Panigrahi et al, ), which enhances the immunity of the cultured organisms. (Crab, Chielens, Wille, Bossier, & Verstraete, ; Haslun et al, ; Xu & Pan, ; Xu et al, ; Zhao et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar effect may occur between dense heterotrophic bacteria and V. parahaemolyticus as the causative agent. Although biofloc has been confirmed as being rich in natural microorganisms and bioactive compounds, not much effort has been made to study the effect of biofloc on the physiological health of cultured shrimp, particularly concerning immune and antioxidant defence systems (Panigrahi et al, ; Xu et al, ). Jang et al () found that the expression of a proPhenoloxidase activating enzyme (lvPPAE1) in haemocytes of L. vannamei was enhanced significantly when shrimps were reared in biofloc water over the long term.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to intensification with higher stocking densities, there is more use of water, feed, and fertilizers which leads to increased production of waste and disease (Beveridge, Phillips, & Macintosh, ; Moss, Moss, Arce, Lightner, & Lotz, ; Otta et al, ; Robledo, Navarro‐Angulo, Lozano, & Freile‐Pelegrín, ). Several studies in the past have highlighted the low‐cost eco‐based technology and its improvement strategies (Avnimelech, ; Hari, Madhusoodan, Johny, Schrama, & Verdegem, ; Panigrahi et al, ; Panigrahi, Sundaram, Ravichandran, & Gopal, ), which seem to be a promising option for farmers adopting sustainable shrimp culture. The Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , is one of the most preferred species worldwide due to its fast growth, high survival, and is the most compatible shrimp for the biofloc system (Ballester et al, ; Panigrahi et al, ; Xu & Pan, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies in the past have highlighted the low‐cost eco‐based technology and its improvement strategies (Avnimelech, ; Hari, Madhusoodan, Johny, Schrama, & Verdegem, ; Panigrahi et al, ; Panigrahi, Sundaram, Ravichandran, & Gopal, ), which seem to be a promising option for farmers adopting sustainable shrimp culture. The Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , is one of the most preferred species worldwide due to its fast growth, high survival, and is the most compatible shrimp for the biofloc system (Ballester et al, ; Panigrahi et al, ; Xu & Pan, ). Sustainable shrimp production with greater emphasis on environment and high disease resistance is the need of the hour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have revealed that biofloc reduces the occurrence of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also called as EMS (NACA, ). Experiments carried out at ICAR‐Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA) revealed that constituents of bacterial cell walls in biofloc contain components that activate a cascade of reactions leading to the production of proPhenoloxidase and several other biochemical pathways (Panigrahi et al, ). Biofloc comprises beneficial bacteria that alter the biological and immunological status of shrimp by colonizing microbiota in the gut (Zhao et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C:N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system

et al. 2018

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A 16-week indoor culture trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying C:N ratio on growth performance, physico-chemical parameters, microbial dynamics, feed utilization, and immunological parameters. The experiment comprised of five biofloc treatment groups (with varying C:N ratio 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1) and a control with three replicates each, having 100 nos/m 3 as stocking density in 500 L tanks with constant aeration. The C:N ratios of the treatments were manipulated using molasses as an organic carbon source whereas there was no carbon source added in control. The water quality parameters monitored throughout the experiment were found to be within permissible limits in shrimp culture. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that there were significant differences between the treatment groups and the control regarding absolute growth, SGR, FCR, PER, and FER.Furthermore, a considerable difference in immunological parameters, namely, THC, phagocytosis, and PO activity (17.5 × 10 6 cells per ml, 43.5%, 0.112 Units min −1 mg min −1 ), was recorded among the treatments compared to that of the control groups (6.2 × 10 6 cells per ml, 31.5%, 0.051 Units min −1 mg min −1 ) respectively. Enhanced growth and survival with substantial disease resistance were recorded in C15 treatment. The results indicate that the CN15 ratio coupled with minimal water exchange is optimal for improved survival, growth, and immune activity. K E Y W O R D S C:N ratio, molasses, water quality, zero-water exchange 1 | INTRODUCTION Availability of specific pathogen-free shrimp has resulted in increased shrimp farming in terms of culture as well as production. The choice of Litopenaeus vannamei over Penaeus monodon is primarily due to enhanced production, SPF availability, higher yield after processing, and higher market demand. Of late, biofloc technology (BFT) has gained momentum and positive response in shrimp and tilapia farming. In India, farmed shrimp production increased from <1 lakh tonnes in 2009 to 3.5 lakh tonnes in 2014. In 2016-2017, the production was over 5 lakh tonnes, accounting for 38% in quantity and 64.5% in value (Rs. 24,426 crores) of the total Indian seafood export worth 5.78 billion dollars (Rs. 37,870 crores) (MPEDA, 2017). The expanding culture system influences water quality and environmental factors. Due to intensification with higher stocking densities, there isHighlights Growth, physico-chemical, and microbiological parameters were substantially higher in carbon and nitrogen (CN) ratio treatments compared to control. Optimization of C:N ratio in L. vannamei culture revealed an optimum ratio of 15 to be ideal for a biofloc-based system. Challenge study revealed higher mortality in control compared to CN-treated groups when challenged with the pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus (MTCC 451). Carbon supplementation appears to influence heterotrophic bacteria and provides immunity and protective response under BFT-based rearing. Immune responses like THC, phagocytic activity, and proPhenoloxidase activity we...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C:N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system

et al. 2018

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Biofloc technology as part of a sustainable aquaculture system: A review on the status and innovations for its expansion

McCusker

Bolton‐Warberg

Davies

et al. 2023

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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Increased food demand, reflecting a rising global human population, attaining 8 billion in 2022, has furthered the intensification of farmed aquatic animal production. Intensification practices can be resource demanding for micro and macronutrients, dedicated feeds, fossil fuels, chemotherapeutics, and water. Water replaces evaporative losses and may be used to dilute nutrient‐rich wastewater. As an alternative to wastewater discharge, biofloc technology (BFT) uses microbes to manage nutrient levels in production systems. A microbial community grown at high densities can assimilate waste metabolites for growth. This is promoted by increasing the carbon–nitrogen (C:N) ratio using a combination of aquafeed fed to the fish and an additional carbohydrate source, for example, starch, molasses, or bran. The microbial biomass offers a continuous and additional food source to the farmed animal, thus reducing the need for finished aquafeeds and lowering the feed conversion ratio. Although the approach relies on multiple interacting species, BFT can be deployed in relatively low technology settings. This review considers the basis of BFT and identifies areas for innovation and expansion. For example, control of light quantity and quality can influence the biofloc and hence the growth of cultured species. Research on biofloc aquaculture is dominated by studies using tilapia and shrimp, but the technology could be applied to other species, particularly species that are tolerant of biofloc conditions and not highly carnivorous. Biofloc may be a useful biosecurity tool for all or part of the life cycle, and meals made from dried biofloc may enhance the production of cultured species. The key benefits of BFT can potentially be seen in reduced water consumption, lower feed requirements, and improved fish health. This review differs from current review papers in proposing the use of a life cycle assessment in conjunction with BFT, which may be a useful tool for describing and communicating the relative benefits of biofloc systems and their wider environmental impact. This study will serve as a useful knowledge base of BFT information for students, researchers, and stakeholders alike, offering a central source of the main aspects around the culturing of biofloc, key parameters, common species used, areas of potential improvement, and a discussion on where the future of BFT may lie.

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Effects of Addition of Sucrose and Probiotics on Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae Performance, Water Quality, and Microbial Community

et al. 2019

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It has been reported that supplying a carbon source and probiotics improves water quality and animals in aquaculture systems. Most studies used molasses as a carbon source, which is a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. In the present study, sucrose and probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis; hereafter referred to by only the genus name “Bacillus”) were added in the culture media of 5‐d‐old postlarvae of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and then cultured for 20 d. The results showed that compared with the control concentrations of NH4+‐N, NO2−‐N, and NO3−‐N, values were lower in treatments with sucrose and Bacillus, suggesting that water quality was improved and material circulation was promoted. Values of dissolved oxygen decreased, probably due to oxygen consumption during microbial growth and oxidation processes. Body length growth rate of whiteleg shrimp was significantly higher in treatments with sucrose and Bacillus compared with the control, which might result from an increased energy uptake from ingesting microorganisms. In comparison to the control, treatments with sucrose and Bacillus greatly influenced bacterial community structure. Among them, the proportion of Actinobacteria increased and that of Proteobacteria decreased. Actinomycetes can degrade organic compounds and produce a wide variety of antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes, inhibiting growth of some pathogenic microorganisms. Proteobacteria includes many pathogenic bacteria. Changes in these two phyla suggest that the immunity of whiteleg shrimp might be enhanced in response to treatments. These results indicate that microorganism composition might be important to biofloc systems. Further investigations in this area would help guide aquaculture production.

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Carbon: Nitrogen (C:N) ratio level variation influences microbial community of the system and growth as well as immunity of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc based culture system

Cited by 150 publications

References 59 publications

Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C:N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system

Effect of carbon and nitrogen ratio (C:N) manipulation on the production performance and immunity of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) in a biofloc‐based rearing system

Biofloc technology as part of a sustainable aquaculture system: A review on the status and innovations for its expansion

Effects of Addition of Sucrose and Probiotics on Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae Performance, Water Quality, and Microbial Community

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