Carbon remineralization by small mesopelagic and bathypelagic Stomiiforms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Sarmiento‐Lezcano, Airam; Olivar, M. Pilar; Peña, Marian; Landeira, José María; Armengol, Laia; Medina-Suárez, Ione; Castellón, A.; Hernández‐León, Santiago

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102787

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…This study provides basic biological parameters (length frequency distribution, swimbladder location within the body, fat tissue content, morphology, and morphometry) and acoustic properties (body mass density, density contrast, and gas volume required for neutral buoyancy) of bristlemouth species analyzed in the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea that are needed to improve the accuracy of backscattering models. Species diversity was different between the Atlantic (C. braueri, C. pseudopallida, C. pallida, C. livida, and C. microdon) and the Mediterranean (C. braueri and C. pygmaea) as previously reported in the literature (Goodyear et al, 1972;Badcock and Merrett, 1976;Badcock, 1982;Roe and Badcock, 1984;Olivar et al, 2012;Sarmiento-Lezcano et al, 2022). However, the only coincident species (C. braueri) had similar length and depth distributions in both areas.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Specimens used to examine swimbladders were collected during the Bathypelagic and SUMMER surveys; those for body-mass density came from the SUMMER cruise, while distribution data were obtained on the Bathypelagic and IDEADOS cruises. Samples were obtained with the "Mesopelagos" midwater trawl net (Meillat, 2012;Castelloń and Olivar, 2023) and MOCNESS-1 m 2 zooplankton net (Wiebe et al, 1985) during day and night hauls carried out from the surface to 700-800 m during the SUMMER and IDEADOS cruises, and to 1,900 m on the Bathypelagic cruise. The Mesopelagos net had an average mouth opening of 29-35 m 2 and a total length of 58 m. The gear consists of graded-mesh netting starting at 30 mm and ending at 4 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A multi-sampler (Castelloń and Olivar, 2023) was installed at the cod-end to collect samples from five different depth layers. Depth samples on the Bathypelagic cruise were obtained from 1,900 to 1,200 m, 1,200 to 800 m, 800 to 500 m, 500 to 200 m, and 200 to 0 m, except for station 7 that only reached 600 m depth (see Sarmiento-Lezcano et al, 2022). For the SUMMER cruise, the depth layers were 700-600 m, 600-500 m, 500-400 m, 400-300 m, 300-200 m, 200-100 m, and 100-0 m. On both cruises, the ship speed during the hauls was maintained at 2-2.5 knots.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fish biomass in the mesopelagic (200-1,000 m depth) and bathypelagic (1,000-4,000 m depth) zones constitutes a large fraction of the estimated total global fish biomass, particularly in the upper mesopelagic zone (200-600 m depth) where most of the abundance is concentrated (Sarmiento-Lezcano et al, 2022). The lower mesopelagic zone (600-1,000 m depth) and the bathypelagic zone on the other hand are usually inhabited by fewer organisms, although they are generally of larger sizes, increasing the proportional biomass (Badcock, 1970;Badcock and Merrett, 1976;Roe and Badcock, 1984;Olivar et al, 2012;Olivar et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These species are the main prey of many large pelagic migrators (Schaber et al, 2022) and are also expected to be harvested for human consumption in the near future as a source of marine fat and protein (e.g., Gjøsaeter and Kawaguchi, 1980;FAO, 1997;FAO, 2001;Hidalgo and Browman, 2019;Grimaldo et al, 2020). Moreover, meso-and bathypelagic fishes contribute to the biological carbon pump, exporting organic carbon from the euphotic zone to the meso-and bathypelagic layers in the case of migratory fish, and remineralizing (breakdown or transformation of organic matter molecules into their simplest inorganic forms) in the case of non-migratory fishes that remain at depth (Lampitt et al, 2008;Guidi et al, 2015;Sarmiento-Lezcano et al, 2022). Cyclothone spp., are the most abundant among the non-migratory group (Sarmiento-Lezcano et al, 2022) and the most abundant vertebrates on the planet (Ahlstrom et al, 1984;Nelson et al, (2016) are known to contribute significantly to the non-migrant deep scattering layers detected acoustically (Peña et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swimbladder properties of Cyclothone spp. in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Western Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2023

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Non-migratory bristlemouth fishes (Cyclothone spp.) are the most abundant vertebrates on Earth and play an important role in the biological carbon pump by remineralizing organic carbon in deep ecosystems. Acoustic data and net sampling are often used in combination to estimate fish and zooplankton biomass, but this procedure may be subject to several sources of error when applied to mesopelagic species. For instance, the allocation of echoes to species has often been biased by not considering Cyclothone spp. due to the use of nets targeting larger fish. Furthermore, the acoustic properties of the target organisms must be well understood to convert acoustic density into numerical density. The characteristics of a fish’s swimbladder are the most relevant features necessary to assess its acoustic properties. This study provides information on the swimbladder properties of six Cyclothone species inhabiting the meso- and bathypelagic layers in the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, including swimbladder location within the body, fat tissue content, morphology, morphometry (only available for C. braueri and C. pseudopallida), and fish body-mass density (only available for C. braueri, C. pseudopallida, C. pallida, and C. pygmaea). The studied species showed a functional physoclistous swimbladder, with well-developed gas glands and rete mirabile and numerous capillaries in the case of the shallower species C. braueri and C. pseudopallida (mainly distributed from 400 to 600 m depth), and a fat-invested swimbladder in species with deeper vertical distribution (C. livida, C. microdon, C. pallida, and C. pygmaea). The fat content in the swimbladder (C. pallida and C. microdon) increased with depth and latitude, reducing the space in the swimbladder that could contain gas. Changes in swimbladder size and volume during growth were analyzed for shallower species, where swimbladder volume and equivalent radius followed negative allometric growth in relation to body length. Finally, values of body-mass density (ρ) and gas content required for neutral buoyancy (VG) were estimated for C. braueri and C. pygmaea collected between 350 and 550 m (ρ = 1.052–1.072 g·cm−3, VG = 2%–4%; ρ = 1.052–1.062 g·cm−3, VG = 3.6%), and for C. pallida and C. pseudopallida sampled in the 450–700 m layer (ρ = 1.052–1.062 g·cm−3, VG = 2.6–3.1%; ρ = 1.052–1.062 g·cm−3, VG = 2.8%–3.25%). Results in this study highlight the change in scattering behavior of Cyclothone species from gas-bearing organisms (those that contain gas in their swimbladder) in the upper mesopelagic zone to the fluid-like scattering (with fat-filled swimbladders) of the deeper and northern individuals. The data presented in this manuscript are important for parametrizing acoustic backscattering models built to estimate the echo of Cyclothone species, although further work is needed, particularly for individuals with partially invested swimbladders with an irregular fat-free shape.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swimbladder properties of Cyclothone spp. in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Western Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2023

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Mid‐summer fish behavior in a high‐latitude twilight zone

Kaartvedt

Christiansen

Titelman

2023

Limnology & Oceanography

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The behavior of the mesopelagic fish Benthosema glaciale was studied at 60°N in mid‐summer. We hypothesized that diel vertical migration (DVM) is constrained by short and dusk nights (surface illumination > 10−2 μmol m−2 s−1) and that individuals are active at depth during the long summer days. Submerged echosounders provided high‐resolution data throughout the water column. During the day, a part of the population ascended toward the increasing daylight. Short vertical relocations were followed by minutes of vertical inactivity. Swimming included horizontal turns and loops associated with the vertical steps. Normal DVM was initiated ~ 4 h before sunset and reflected independent individual decisions. The fish initially ascended stepwise but switched to mostly straight upwards swimming attaining 3–4 cm s−1. Their vertical speed was faster than the slow ascent of isolumes and even the deepest living fish potentially could reach upper layers shortly after sunset. However, many individuals aborted their ascent and returned to depth before the darkest time of the night, while others returned downward closer to sunrise. The daytime swimming and individual variability in diel migration behavior have implications for encounters with prey and predators in the twilight zone and the biological carbon pump. A principal conclusion is that mesopelagic fishes can modify their behavior and migration patterns to suit a wide range of changing conditions.

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Active flux seasonality of the small dominant migratory crustaceans and mesopelagic fishes in the Gulf of California during June and October

Sarmiento‐Lezcano

Busquets-Vass

Rubio‐Rodríguez

et al. 2022

Progress in Oceanography

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Carbon remineralization by small mesopelagic and bathypelagic Stomiiforms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 12 publications

References 77 publications

Swimbladder properties of Cyclothone spp. in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Western Mediterranean Sea

Swimbladder properties of Cyclothone spp. in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Western Mediterranean Sea

Mid‐summer fish behavior in a high‐latitude twilight zone

Active flux seasonality of the small dominant migratory crustaceans and mesopelagic fishes in the Gulf of California during June and October

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