Carbon rod atomizer in atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometry and its clinical application

Amos, M. D.; Bennett, Peter; Brodie, K. G.; Lung, P. W. Y.; Matoušek, J.P.

doi:10.1021/ac60297a033

Cited by 135 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…THE RECENT development of simple carbon rod atomization devices (1)(2)(3)(4) and their application to the atomic absorption spectrometric determination of various trace metals in biological matrixes ( I , 2) and in petroleum matrixes (3) has prompted our investigation of the routine analysis of gold and silver in geological samples, including investigation of sensitivity and detection limit, effect of interferences, and application to samples of different matrixes. Nonflame atomization devices have recently been reviewed by Kirkbright(5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of gold and silver in parts-per-billion or lower levels in geological and metallurgical samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon rod atomizer

Bratzel¹,

Chakrabarti²,

Sturgeon³

et al. 1972

Anal. Chem.

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50-100 range and is in excellent agreement with the electrochemical selectivity ratio.A particularly interesting finding is the excellent agreement for the divalent ions Ba2+ and Sr2+. Unfortunately, these are the only multivalent cations for which useful formation constant values have been reported to date.On the basis of our studies on the valinomycin electrode (9) and the present results we propose, for neutral carrier liquid membrane electrodes in general, the useful approximation where ,2 is the potentiometric selectivity coefficient for the electrode's response to ion 1 over 2 while K,J and K,,z are the equilibrium formation constants for complexes between the carrier entity and ions l and 2, respectively. In the usual case, where the formation rate constants are independent of the cation, the right hand side of this expression is equivalent to the inverse quotient of the specific dissociation rates and shows that the electrode is selective ,for the ion held longest in the cavity of the carrier molecule. We expect that this relationship would give an approximate prediction of selectivity coefficients for those electrode systems having no special spatial arrangement of the carrier in the membrane and where the system kinetics are not potential determining. It should, thus, be possible to predict the selectivity properties of suitable neutral carrier electrodes on the basis of homogeneous complex formation data as a first approximation. Similarly, formation constants should be predictable from electrochemical data. We hope that these guidelines will facilitate the selection or synthesis of suitable membrane phase materials and will assist in the practical development of new liquid membrane electrodes. ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe thank H. K. Frensdorff for his gift of the crown compounds and G. Eisenman for some unpublished data.

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confidence: 99%

Determination of gold and silver in parts-per-billion or lower levels in geological and metallurgical samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon rod atomizer

Bratzel¹,

Chakrabarti²,

Sturgeon³

et al. 1972

Anal. Chem.

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“…Cadmium was determined by the micro sampling technique (10)(11)(12). Lead, copper and manganese were determined by the graphite furnace (7,12), and zinc by aspirating into a flame (8).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

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Trace Metals in Occupationally and Nonoccupationally Exposed Individuals

Johnson¹,

Tillery²,

Prevost³

1975

Environmental Health Perspectives

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An epidemiological survey was conducted in Houston, Texas on five trace metals in policemen, parking garage attendants, women living near freeways and three control groups of subjects. The controls were mnatched with the exposed groups for covariate information such as age, sex, smoking habits, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, hair color, and education. Each subject was sampled four times for blood, urine, hair, and feces, and these samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium, zinc, manganese, and copper. Lead and cadmium were correlated with airborne exposures but zinc, manganese and copper were not.The second part of this paper deals with a market study of platinum and palladium markets and a design of an epidemiology survey of individuals occupationally and nonoccupationally exposed to these two metals. The market survey shows that although the catalytic muffler will have a major impact on the market, it is predicted that producers can meet these demands. Measurement of Human Exposure to Fuel AdditivesThe most commonly used fuel additive in gasoline powered engines in the United States is tetraethyl lead. There are, however, a number of other fuel additives which may be used in gteater quantities in the future that contain a variety of trace metals such as manganese, copper, and zinc. Other trace elements such as cadmium are present as impurities. It has been shown that trace metals such as these may accumulate in various tissuse and possibly contribute to the incidence of carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic processes.

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“…The inert atmosphere keeps out contaminants from the air. Amos et al (21) have also found that having a hydrogen flame surrounding the graphite burns up any entrained oxygen, thus giving a much more reducing atmosphere for the atomization process. Improved detection limits and a lessening of spectral interferences were found.…”

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Laser-excited atomic fluorescence of atoms produced in a graphite furnace

Goforth¹,

Winefordner²

1986

Anal. Chem.

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25) Win@, R. K.; Peterson, v. J.; Fassei, v. A. APPl. sPectKJsc. 1979, 33, 206.Laser-excited atomlc Huotescence in a graphne furnace gives detection IbnHs for Pb, Cu, Mn, Sn, AI, In, LI, and Pt, in the pkogram to sub-picagram range. The linear dynamk range for these elements varles from 3 to 7 orders of magnnude. A graphlte rod, a plain graphite cup, and a slotted graphite cup are compared as the cuvette In the fluorescence system.Detection lhnlts for a pyrolytic coating, a tantalum foil liner, and a tantalum carbide coating of the graphlte cuvette are compared. A hydrogen-argon atmosphere, a low-pressure atmosphere, and an argon atmosphere are compared as the atmosphere s u r r o w the graphite cuvette. Lastly, Cu and Yn are determined In several standard reference materials.Laser-excited atomic fluorescence using a graphite furnace has been shown to give very low detection limits (1-9). Bolshov et al. (5) achieved excellent detection limits for Pb, Fe, Na, Pt, Ir, Eu, Cu, Ag, Co, and Mn, using a Nd:YAGpumped dye laser system. These results ranged from 1.5 fg for P b to 300 pg for Eu. Tilch et al. (7) utilized a nitrogenpumped dye laser system to obtain similar detection limits for some of the same elements as well as a few others. Probably the most impressive reaulb have been the femtogram detection limits for Pb. Besides Bolshov and Tilch (5, 7) Human et al. (6) also obtained a detection limit in the femtogram range for Pb.Pulsed lasers offer several advantages for atomic fluorescence such as wide tunability and high peak powers. However, these lasers are less than optimum when using electrothermal atomization because of the low repetition rate (e.g., 20 Hz) of the lasers. The pulsed laser must be synchronized so that there is a laser pulse during the time when atoms are present in the laser path. This problem can be overcome somewhat by using a computer to synchronize the laser pulse with the formation of atoms during the atomization stage or by confining the atomic vapor within a tube atomizer to increase the residence time. An alternative is to operate the pump laser at higher frequencies if possible, e.g., by use of a copper vapor laser pumped dye laser system a t ca. 6 kHz. The atomizer requires a special design for atomic fluorescence since the fluorescence is viewed at 90' to the laser beam. A graphite cup (5, 7), a Massmann cup (IO), a graphite tube with holes cut in the sides (9), and a graphite rod ( I , 6), are several designs that have been tried. The simplicity of the graphite rod makes it attractive for use with volatile elements. On the other hand, the graphite cup offers an improvement over the graphite rod because the sample is in a semienclosed 0003-2700/86/0358-2598$01.50/0 environment, which gives more of a "furnace" effect. However, the atoms still must emerge from the furnace into the cooler atmosphere before being excited by the laser. As the atoms vaporize out of the hot furnace they have more of a chance to react with interferents, such as 02. In principle, the best atomizers are those...

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Carbon rod atomizer in atomic absorption and fluorescence spectrometry and its clinical application

Cited by 135 publications

References 5 publications

Determination of gold and silver in parts-per-billion or lower levels in geological and metallurgical samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon rod atomizer

Determination of gold and silver in parts-per-billion or lower levels in geological and metallurgical samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a carbon rod atomizer

Trace Metals in Occupationally and Nonoccupationally Exposed Individuals

Laser-excited atomic fluorescence of atoms produced in a graphite furnace

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