“…Along with this paradigm shift, recognition of the contribution of non-coniferous vegetation to biodiversity and ecosystem function has been increasing. Herbs, shrubs, and broad-leaved trees not only represent a large portion of the plant diversity in Pacific Northwest forests (Halpern and Spies, 1995), but also have important ecosystem functions, including nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and contributions to soil fertility (Nilsson and Wardle, 2005;Chastain et al, 2006). Broad-leaved tree species, such as red alder (Alnus rubra) and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), also function in nutrient cycling, and influence soil fertility, aquatic food webs, and wildlife habitat (McComb, 1994;Bunnell et al, 1999;Compton et al, 2003;CFER, 2005).…”