Carbon utilization by fruit limits shoot growth in alternate-bearing citrus trees

Martínez‐Alcántara, Belén; Iglesias, Domingo J.; Reig, Carmina; Mesejo, Carlos; Agustí, Manuel; Primo‐Millo, Eduardo

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2014.12.001

Cited by 35 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…We suggest that a strong competition for carbohydrates between fruits and vegetative growth in barberry leads to no vegetative flush. Martínez-Alcántara et al (2015) working on alternate bearing in citrus showed that OFF trees have stronger shoot growth compared with ON trees, and fruits compete for carbon with shoots. ABI value significantly increased with age increment, and a positive correlation (R 2 = 0.78) was observed between these factors (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The First Report on Alternate Bearing of Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.): Change in Total Carbohydrate and Phenolic Contents

Khayyat

Arefnezhad

Zahan

et al. 2018

Journal of Horticultural Research

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Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) fruit is an important source of anthocyanins and is used for consumption and in medicine. However, fruit production of barberry is not regular. Two experiments in four locations were conducted on this plant to explore if it is alternate bearer and also to investigate carbohydrates and phenolics contents in leaves and shoots during growth season. Evaluation of barberry shrubs in three different location showed strong alternate bearing. The value of leaf number to berry number ratio was small. A correlation was found between tree age and alternate bearing index (ABI), because elder shrubs exhibited more ABI. Total carbohydrates and phenolics contents in vegetative organs showed an increase during the fruit setting stage, except for the carbohydrates in shoots. The highest value of carbohydrates was observed 10 days after leaf appearance and then decrease. ON bearing shrubs showed the highest value of total carbohydrates content in leaves during fruit setting stage, after which it decreased. However, OFF bearing shrubs indicated a reducing trend in this variable. In both bearing statuses (ON and OFF trees), total carbohydrates decreased with season progression. It is concluded that this plant is strongly alternate bearer and this characteristic may be related to carbohydrates and phenolics changes in leaf and shoot organs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The First Report on Alternate Bearing of Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.): Change in Total Carbohydrate and Phenolic Contents

Khayyat

Arefnezhad

Zahan

et al. 2018

Journal of Horticultural Research

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“…Carbon utilization is an important process in metabolism. Starch is an essential carbon source for plant growth and development, especially in oral organs during reproductive growth [80]. The high e ciency of carbon utilization and high levels of starch accumulation in the owers of NaCl-treated plants may bene t from the high e ciency of photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism; these factors are inseparable from the high expression levels of genes related to photosynthesis [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NaCl improves reproduction by enhancing starch accumulation in the ovules of the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

Guo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Halophytes show optimal reproduction under high-salinity conditions. However, the role of NaCl in reproduction and its possible mechanisms in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa remain to be elucidated. Results: We performed transcript profiling of S. salsa flowers and measured starch accumulation in ovules, sugar contents in flowers, and photosynthetic parameters in the leaves of plants supplied with 0 and 200 mM NaCl. Starch accumulation in ovules, sugar contents in flowers and ovules, and net photosynthetic rate and photochemical efficiency in leaves were significantly higher in NaCl-treated plants vs. the control. We identified 14,348 differentially expressed genes in flowers of NaCl-treated vs. control plants. Many of these genes were predicted to be associated with photosynthesis, carbon utilization, and sugar and starch metabolism. These genes are crucial for maintaining photosystem structure, regulating electron transport, and improving photosynthetic efficiency in NaCl-treated plants. In addition, genes encoding fructokinase and sucrose phosphate synthase were upregulated in flowers of NaCl-treated plants. Conclusions: The higher starch and sugar contents in the ovules and flowers of S. salsa in response to NaCl treatment are likely due to the upregulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, which increase photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation of photosynthetic products under these conditions.

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“…In contrast to the cause of alternate bearing, the mechanism by which alternate bearing perpetuates appears to be similar for different citrus cultivars, with the subsequent flowering response determined by the intensity of current fruiting (Martínez-Alc antara et al, 2015;Muñoz-Fambuena et al, 2011;Shalom et al, 2012Shalom et al, , 2014Verreynne and Lovatt, 2009). In citrus, a heavy fruit load can impose a flowering inhibition by inhibiting the sprouting of new and potential flowering sites during spring and summer (Martínez-Alc antara et al, 2015;Verreynne and Lovatt, 2009) and by restricting floral gene expression and floral bud development during flower induction (Koshita et al, 1999;Krajewski and Rabe, 1995a;Muñoz-Fambuena et al, 2011;Shalom et al, 2012Shalom et al, , 2014. A high number of fruit are, therefore, limiting 1) the number of new vegetative shoots and 2) their potential to undergo flower induction and transition of buds from a vegetative to reproductive phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on how fruit regulate the inhibitive effects on flowering have produced two generalized theories of alternate bearing-the hormonal theory and the nutritional theory (Bangerth, 2009; Barnett and Mielke, 1981;Davenport, 2000;Goldschmidt, 1999). The hormonal theory of alternate bearing suggests that phytohormones are responsible for floral inhibition during an ''on'' year (Koshita et al, 1999;Martínez-Alc antara et al, 2015;Muñoz-Fambuena et al, 2011;Verreynne and Lovatt, 2009). The nutritional theory of alternate bearing, on the other hand, suggests that flowering response is determined by fruit load and availability of carbohydrates (Dovis et al, 2014;Goldschmidt and Golomb, 1982;Martínez-Alc antara et al, 2015;Monerri et al, 2011;Smith, 1976).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit Load Limits Root Growth, Summer Vegetative Shoot Development, and Flowering in Alternate-bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees

Stander¹,

Barry²,

Cronjé³

2018

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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The objectives of this study were to improve the understanding of the mechanism of alternate bearing and the role of carbohydrates in ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) trees. Selected phenological responses were measured in natural heavy- (“on”) and low-fruiting (“off”) ‘Nadorcott’ mandarin trees grown under commercial South African production conditions. The relationships with seasonal leaf and root carbohydrate concentrations were evaluated at the shoot-, branch- and tree level over two seasons. Fruit load [R2 = (−)0.80 and R2 = (−)0.73 in seasons 1 and 2, respectively; (P < 0.01)] and the number of newly developed vegetative shoots [R2 = 0.81 and R2 = 0.78 in seasons 1 and 2, respectively; (P < 0.01)] were the most important determinants of return bloom. Sprouting of a higher number of new vegetative shoots from “off” trees compared with “on” trees (“off” = 863 and 1439 vs. “on” = 306 and 766) was not related to leaf carbohydrate concentration. Root sugar concentration peaked during full bloom and higher root growth activity was observed before a higher number of new vegetative shoots developing in “off” trees during summer. The root sugar concentration early in the season was ≈3-fold lower, and root and shoot growth were absent, or lower in “on” trees compared with “off” trees. These results concur with previous research and confirm that fruit load in “on” trees inhibits summer vegetative shoot development, which manifests in poor flowering and an “off” year. This study shows that fruit are the major carbohydrate sink and probably disturb the balance between vegetative shoot development and root growth by limiting carbohydrate allocation to roots.

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Carbon utilization by fruit limits shoot growth in alternate-bearing citrus trees

Cited by 35 publications

References 40 publications

The First Report on Alternate Bearing of Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.): Change in Total Carbohydrate and Phenolic Contents

The First Report on Alternate Bearing of Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.): Change in Total Carbohydrate and Phenolic Contents

NaCl improves reproduction by enhancing starch accumulation in the ovules of the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

Fruit Load Limits Root Growth, Summer Vegetative Shoot Development, and Flowering in Alternate-bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees

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