Carbonaceous aerosols in megacity Xi'an, China: Implications of thermal/optical protocols comparison

Han, Yuemei; Chen, L.-W. Antony; Huang, Ru‐Jin; Chow, Judith C.; Watson, John G.; Ni, Haiyan; Liu, Sixing; Fung, Kochy; Shen, Zhenxing; Wei, Chong; Wang, Q.Y.; Tian, Jie; Zhao, Zi-Long; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Cao, Junji

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.023

Cited by 58 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The char and soot concentrations of PM2.5 at HNI (0.71 and 0.12 µg/m 3 , respectively) were comparable to a remote sampling site at Qinghai Lake, on the Tibetan Plateau (0.32 and 0.12 µg/m 3 , respectively) (Zhu et al, 2014), but lower than in a village in Wusumu, Inner Mongolia (1.15 and 0.69 µg/m 3 , respectively) (Han et al, 2008) and a suburban site at Qiongzhou University in Sanya on Hainan Island (1.04 and 0.18 µg/m 3 , respectively) and an urban site at East China University of Science and Technology in Shanghai (1.64 and 0.31 µg/m 3 , respectively) (Zhao et al, 2015). Compared with other cities, such as Taibei (18.1 and 0.8 µg/m 3 , respectively) (Zhu et al, 2010) and Xi'an (7.45 and 1.82 µg/m 3 in urban and 4.1 and 0.5 µg/m 3 in rural locations, respectively) (Han et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2016), the concentrations of char and soot at HNI were 5-to 10-fold lower. Comparing these results with those from cities overseas, char concentrations at HNI were lower than those at Bangi in Selangor, Malaysia (Fujii, et al, 2016), Saitama in Japan (Kim, et al, 2011), Raipur in Chhattisgarh, India (Sahu, et al, 2018) and Sonla in Vietnam (Lee, et al, 2016), which were 3.85, 2.68, 7.9 and 3.0 µg/m 3 , respectively.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Char and Soot In Pm25 And Tspmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sources and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols over the coastal East China Sea: Implications for anthropogenic pollutant pathways and deposition

Wang

Feng

Guo³

et al. 2019

Environmental Pollution

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While many studies have been conducted on carbonaceous aerosols in urban areas worldwide, investigations of carbonaceous components in marine atmospheres are rather limited. In this study, 75 paired total suspended particle (TSP) and PM2.5 samples were collected over four seasons on Huaniao Island (HNI), an island that lies downwind of continental pollutants emitted from mainland China moving towards the East China Sea (ECS). These samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), with a special focus on char-EC (char) and soot-EC (soot), to understand their sources, and the scale and extent of pollution and dry deposition over the coastal ECS. 2 The results showed that char concentrations in PM2.5 and TSP averaged from 0.13-1.01 and 0.31-1.44 µg/m 3 ; while for soot, they were from 0.03-0.21 and 0.16-0.56 µg/m 3 , respectively. 69.0% of the char and 36.4% of the soot were present in the PM2.5 fraction. The char showed apparent seasonal variations, with highest concentrations in winter and lowest in summer; while soot displayed relatively small seasonal variations, with maximum concentrations in the fall and minimum concentrations in summer. The char/soot ratios in PM2.5 averaged from 3.29-17.22; while for TSP, they were from 1.20-7.07. Both of the ratios in PM2.5 and TSP were highest in winter and lowest in fall. Comparisons of seasonal variations in OC/EC and char/soot ratios confirmed that char/soot may be a more effective indicator of carbonaceous aerosol source identification than OC/EC. Annual average atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of OC and EC into ECS were estimated to be 229 and 107 µg/m 2 /d, respectively, and their deposition fluxes significantly increased during episodes in fall, winter and spring. It was estimated that the loadings of OC+EC and EC accounted for 1.3% and 4.1% of the total organic carbon and EC in ECS surface sediments, respectively, implying a relatively small contribution of OC and EC dry deposition to organic carbon burial. This finding also indicates a possibly more important contribution of wet deposition to organic carbon burial in sediments of ECS, and this factor should be considered for future study.

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Section: Concentrations Of Char and Soot In Pm25 And Tspmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sources and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols over the coastal East China Sea: Implications for anthropogenic pollutant pathways and deposition

Wang

Feng

Guo³

et al. 2019

Environmental Pollution

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“…It was reported that chamber burn studies may overestimate EC EFs due to a misassigned OC-EC split for the heavily massloaded filter samples (Dhammapala et al, 2007b). Moreover, carbon measurement based on the TOT method with the NIOSH protocol may overestimate the OC fraction by sacrificing the EC part compared with the TOR (thermal-optical reflectance) method with the IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments) program (Han et al, 2016). The mass ratio of OC / EC is a practical parameter to indicate the primary organic aerosol (OA) emission and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production.…”

Section: Economic Valuation Of the Health Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-pollutant emissions from the burning of major agricultural residues in China and the related health-economic effects

Zhang

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Multi-pollutants in smoke particulate matter (SPM) were identified and quantified for the biomass burning of five major agricultural residues (wheat, rice, corn, cotton, and soybean straw) in China by an aerosol chamber system combined with various measurement techniques. The primary emission factors (EFs) for PM1. 0 and PM2. 5 are 3.04–12.64 and 3.25–15.16 g kg−1. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganics (WSIs), water-soluble organic acids (WSOAs), water-soluble amine salts (WSAs), trace mineral elements (THMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phenols in smoke PM1. 0/PM2. 5 are 1.34–6.04/1.54–7.42, 0.58–2.08/0.61–2.18, 0.51–3.52/0.52–3.81, 0.13–0.64/0.14–0.77, (4.39–85.72/4.51–104.79)  ×  10−3, (11.8-51.1/14.0-131.6)  ×  10−3, (1.1–4.0/1.8–8.3)  ×  10−3, and (7.7–23.5/9.7–41.5)  ×  10−3 g kg−1, respectively. Black carbon (BC) mainly exists in PM1. 0; heavy-metal-bearing particles favour residing in the range of smoke PM1. 0−2. 5, which is also confirmed by individual particle analysis. With respect to the five scenarios of burning activities, the average emissions and overall propagation of uncertainties at the 95 % confidence interval (CI) of SPM from agricultural open burning in China in 2012 were estimated to be 1005.7 (−24.6, 33.7 %), 901.4 (−24.4, 33.5 %), 432.4 (−24.2, 33.5 %), 134.2 (−24., 34.0 %), 249.8 (−25.4, 34.9 %), 25.1 (−33.3, 41.4 %), 5.8 (−30.1, 38.5 %), 8.7 (−26.6, 35.6 %), 0.5 (−26.0, 34.9 %), and 2.7 (−26.1, 35.1 %) Gg for PM2. 5, PM1. 0, OC, EC, WSI, WSOA, WSA, THM, PAHs, and phenols , respectively. The emissions were further spatio-temporally characterized using a geographic information system (GIS) in different regions in the summer and autumn post-harvest periods. It was found that less than 25 % of the total emissions were released during the summer harvest, which was mainly contributed by the North Plain and the centre of China, especially Henan, Shandong, and Anhui, which are the top three provinces regarding smoke particle emissions. Flux concentrations of primarily emitted smoke PM2. 5 that were calculated using the box-model method based on five versions of emission inventories all exceed the carcinogenic-risk permissible exposure limits (PEL). The health impacts and health-related economic losses from the smoke PM2. 5 short-term exposure were assessed. The results show that China suffered from 7836 cases (95,% CI: 3232, 12362) of premature mortality and 7 267 237 cases (95 % CI: 2 961 487, 1 130 784) of chronic bronchitis in 2012, which led to losses of USD 8822.4 million (95 % CI: 3574.4, 13 034.2) or 0.1 % of the total GDP. We suggest that the percentage of open-burnt crop straw in the post-harvest period should be cut down by over 97 % to ensure a reduction in carcinogenicity risk, especially in the North Plain and the northeast, where the emissions should decrease at least by 94 % to meet the PEL. With such emission control, over 92 % of the mortality and morbidity attributed to agricultural fire smoke PM2. 5 can be avoided in China.

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“…S5) even though mostly good correlations were found. In reality, (POC/EC)f ratios vary greatly according to combustion conditions, fuel types and even measurement method for OC and EC (Chow et al, 2001;Han et al, 2016), and it is very hard to accurately predict the (POC/EC)f ratio for a given area. Hence, we used the lowest (OC/EC)f ratios (OC/EC)f, min as the (POC/EC)f to estimate POCf.…”

Section: Other Sources Of Oc and Consistency With Cmb And Ascm-pmf Momentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Beijing with Radiocarbon and Organic Tracers: Insight into the Differences between Urban and Rural Sites

Hou¹,

Liu²,

Xu³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol is the dominant component of fine particles in Beijing. However, it is challenging to apportion its sources. Here, we applied a newly developed method which combined radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to apportion the sources of fine carbonaceous particles at an urban (IAP) and a rural (PG) site of Beijing. PM2.5 filter samples (24-h) were collected at both sites from 10 November to 11 December 2016 and from 22 May to 24 June 2017. 14C was determined in 25 aerosol samples (13 at IAP and 12 at PG) representing low pollution to haze conditions. Biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan) in the samples were also determined using GC-MS. Higher contributions of fossil-derived OC (OCf) were found at the urban site. OCf to OC ratio decreased in the summer samples (IAP: 67.8 ± 4.0 % in winter and 54.2 ± 11.7 % in summer; PG: 59.3 ± 5.7 % in winter and 50.0 ± 9.0 % in summer) due to less consumption of coal in the warm season. A novel extended Gelencsér method incorporating the 14C and organic tracer data was developed to estimate the fossil and non-fossil sources of primary and secondary OC (POC and SOC). It showed that fossil-derived POC was the largest contributor to OC (35.8 ± 10.5 % and 34.1 ± 8.7 % in winter time for IAP and PG, 28.9 ± 7.4 % and 28.9 ± 9.6 % in summer), regardless of season. SOC contributed 50.0 ± 12.3 % and 47.2 ± 15.5 % at IAP, and 42.0 ± 11.7 % and 43.0 ± 13.4 % at PG in the winter and summer sampling periods respectively, within which the fossil-derived SOC was predominant and contributed more in winter. The non-fossil fractions of SOC increased in summer due to a larger biogenic component. Concentrations of biomass burning OC (OCbb) are resolved by the extended Gelencsér method with average contributions (to total OC) of 10.6 ± 1.7 % and 10.4 ± 1.5 % in winter at IAP and PG, and 6.5 ± 5.2 % and 17.9 ± 3.5 % in summer, respectively. Correlations of water-insoluble OC (WINSOC), water-soluble OC (WSOC) with POC and SOC showed that although WINSOC was the major contributor to POC, a non-negligible fraction of WINSOC was found in SOC for both fossil and non-fossil sources especially during winter. In summer, a greater proportion of WSOC from non-fossil sources was found in SOC. Comparisons of the source apportionment results with those obtained from a Chemical Mass Balance model were generally good, except for the cooking aerosol.

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Carbonaceous aerosols in megacity Xi'an, China: Implications of thermal/optical protocols comparison

Cited by 58 publications

References 59 publications

Sources and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols over the coastal East China Sea: Implications for anthropogenic pollutant pathways and deposition

Sources and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols over the coastal East China Sea: Implications for anthropogenic pollutant pathways and deposition

Multi-pollutant emissions from the burning of major agricultural residues in China and the related health-economic effects

Source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Beijing with Radiocarbon and Organic Tracers: Insight into the Differences between Urban and Rural Sites

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