Carbonate Minerals and the CO2-Carbonic Acid System

Lerman, Abraham; Mackenzie, Fred T.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_84

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Part of the dissolved CO 2 (CO 2(aq) ) is converted to carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 – ), and carbonate (CO 3 2– ) ions through chemical reactions. However, many relevant experiments showed that at 298.15 K, CO 2(aq) is more abundant than H 2 CO 3 by a factor of hundreds. , Therefore, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate ions were not considered in the thermodynamic model.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aqueous Nanobubble Dispersion of CO₂at Pressures Up To 208 bara

Wang,

Lawal,

Achour

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, many relevant experiments showed that at 298.15 K, CO 2(aq) is more abundant than H 2 CO 3 by a factor of hundreds. 42,43 Therefore, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate ions were not considered in the thermodynamic model.…”

Section: Measurement Of the Co 2 Content In Aqueousmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aqueous Nanobubble Dispersion of CO₂at Pressures Up To 208 bara

Wang,

Lawal,

Achour

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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“…Nonetheless, this precipitation process is gradual and contingent on specific environmental prerequisites (Lerman & Mackenzie, 2018). Consequently, within the tomb, the plaster acts as the nexus for this chemical dynamic, resulting in a substantial reduction of calcium carbonate within the layer structure, and consequently, the loss of extensive painting sections.…”

Section: Plastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative, Multidisciplinary Approach for Restoring Paintings in Hypogeal Environment: Etruscan Tomba Degli Scudi (4th Century Bc) in Tarquinia

Cirigliano,

Pelosi,

Rinaldi

et al. 2024

Current Approaches, Solutions and Practices in Conservation of Cultural Heritage

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The Tomba degli Scudi, an important Etruscan hypogeum from the 4th-century BC, is situated in the Monterozzi necropolis of Tarquinia, Italy, and it is acknowledged as a UNESCO heritage site since 2004. The restoration of its mural paintings epitomizes an exemplary interdisciplinary collaboration, encompassing restorers, archaeologists, and scientists. As we embarked upon the restoration, collaborative discussions precipitated significant revelations in conservation, archaeology, and biology. This collaboration elucidated the conservation history, the unique execution technique, and thorough examinations of environmental parameters. The inaugural phase of this initiative was generously financed by Fondo per l'Ambiente Italiano, the Italian Environment Fund, and the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per l'Area metropolitana di Roma, la provincia di Viterbo e l'Etruria meridionale, focusing on the atrium murals. Subsequently, murals in the sepulchral chamber were rehabilitated.Given the distinct nature of the hypogeal environment, the methodologies and material selection demand meticulous consideration, ensuring alignment with pre-Roman mural traditions in the Italic region. Simultaneously, an exhaustive historiographic assessment furnished comprehensive insights into the conservation history of the hypogeum. Rigorous analysis and restoration accuracy led to a groundbreaking revelation-depictions of human entities used modular templates for individual body components, most potentially crafted from sturdy materials.These templates, which manifested in four scales, corresponded to the hierarchical status of the depicted characters.Historically, the employment of such modular templates, termed patroni and antibola, was recognized exclusively from the early Middle Ages onward in the western and eastern art traditions, because no prior evidence of this painting modality existed. Consequently, this discovery infers that the inception of this technique predates prior assumptions by approximately a millennium, thereby refining our understanding of technological transitions from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. An important and innovative aspect of this project resides in the exhaustive microbiological examination. Although the Tarquin hypogea had been intermittently probed during preceding restoration efforts, the bacterial and fungal communities, which sustain a nuanced and fragile equilibrium within these environments, had not been rigorously and holistically studied. In this endeavor, a microbiological assessment was executed before, during, and post the restoration stages. The outcomes were compared against data from other hypogea, transforming the Necropolis tombs into genuine scientific research hubs. Notably, the biological examination of the white biological deposit in the paintings was identified as moonmilk, which is an exceptional microbial-derived calcite that conserved the murals instead of impairing them. However, several preservation challenges emerged, especially regarding post-restor...

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“…Dissolution reactions of carbonate minerals [reactions (1) and ( 2) for dissolutions of calcite and dolomite, respectively] release CO 2 (g) which hydrolyses to form carbonic acid (Lerman and Mackenzie, 2018;Martin, 2017). Similarly, the dissolution of CO 2 in meteoric water and CO 2 available in the soil yields the same acidic product.…”

Section: Successive Formation Stages Of the Phosphate Oresmentioning

confidence: 99%