Carbonation resistance of concrete: limestone addition effect

Abstract

Systematic analysis and evaluation of experimental results on carbonation and carbonation-induced corrosion resistance of concrete made with Portland limestone cement (PLC) are presented; these results have been extracted from 143 globally published studies in the literature since 1986, by 274 researchers from 131 institutions and 34 countries, and yielding a 19 000 data matrix are presented. It is shown that the carbonation of concrete increases with increasing limestone content, within the range permitted by standard BS EN 197-1:2011. This effect, however, is less marked for concrete designed on an equal strength basis to the corresponding Portland cement (PC) concrete than concrete designed on an equal water/cement (w/c) basis. Eurocode 2 standard specifications for XC3 carbonation exposure for characteristic cube strength of concrete (or its w/c ratio) may need to be reviewed for the addition of limestone. Other influencing factors: curing, limestone fineness, total cement content, were also studied. A comparison has been conducted for the carbonation performance of concrete made with PLC and cement containing fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Procedures to reduce the carbonation of PLC concrete are proposed. Response to accelerated carbonation, at 3–5% carbon dioxide concentration, of PLC concrete is similar to natural indoor exposure. A conversion factor of 1 week accelerated carbonation equal to 0·75 year natural indoor exposure was determined.

Chloride ingress in concrete: limestone addition effects

“…The results of this study considered together with two previous studies (Elgalhud et al, 2016(Elgalhud et al, , 2017 show that the effects of LS addition on concrete pore structure (in terms of porosity, absorption and sorptivity), strength and resistance to carbonation and chloride ingress are similar, but their magnitudes may be different.…”

“…For practical purposes, and in view of the findings of two previous studies in this series (Elgalhud et al, 2016(Elgalhud et al, , 2017, it is proposed that the effect of LS up to a content of 15% on concrete performance may be assumed to be negligible but increases thereafter at a constant rate with increasing LS content. In light of this, the maximum limit on LS content of CEM II/A may be considered for revision from 20% down to 15%.…”

“…In developing Figure 10, to make it easier for the research to be adopted in practice, some simple modifications were carried out to the trend lines observed in the studies reported previously in this paper ( Figure 4) and two previous studies of the current authors (Elgalhud et al, 2016(Elgalhud et al, , 2017. These modifications were based on the concept that the physical and chemical effects of the inclusion of LS are mainly as a filler (better packing of the pore matrix), heterogeneous nucleation (improving early strength) and dilution (increasing the effective w/c), as suggested by Irassar (2009), although these effects rely on the amount and fineness of LS used in a mix (Sezer, 2012).…”

“…A series of studies was undertaken by the authors to examine the effect of LS use in combination with PC on the durability of concrete. The first study in this series addressed the effect of PLC on properties related to pore structure (Elgalhud et al, 2016) and the second dealt with carbonation resistance (Elgalhud et al, 2017). This study deals with chloride ingress and chloride-induced corrosion in concrete made with PLC.…”

Link of Self-Compacting Fiber Concrete Behaviors to Composite Binders and Superplasticizer

“…Effective concretes for protective structures in connection with the increasing number of natural and manmade disasters, as well as heightened international tensions, are now of particular importance (Murali and Ramprasad 2018;Fediuk et al 2018a;Yoo et al 2016;Aly et al 2019;Matias et al 2013). These concretes require a special set of characteristics, i.e., compressive strength and tensile strength (Evelson and Lukuttsova 2015;Topçu and Uygunolu 2010;Yu et al 2018), impact strength (Neville and Brooks 2010;Mahakavi et al 2019), dynamic strength (Kim 2019;Bir Singh et al 2019), crack resistance (Fediuk et al 2018b;Elgalhud et al 2017), impermeability (Fediuk et al 2019;Lye et al 2015) and workability (Chithra et al 2016;Pan et al 2018). Designing materials that can provide a set of these characteristics at a given level is possible only with the use of the latest advances in building materials science and the management of structure formation processes through the use of multicomponent systems (Artamonova et al 2017;Fediuk et al 2017;Asaad et al 2018;Mosaberpanah and Eren 2016;Lesovik et al 2018).…”