Carbonic anhydrase IX as a novel candidate in liquid biopsy

Abstract

Among the diagnostic techniques for the identification of tumour biomarkers, the liquid biopsy is considered one that offers future research on precision diagnosis and treatment of tumours in a non-invasive manner. The approach consists of isolating tumor-derived components, such as circulating tumour cells (CTC), tumour cell-free DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs), from the patient peripheral blood fluids. These elements constitute a source of genomic and proteomic information for cancer treatment. Within the tumour-derived components of the body fluids, the enzyme indicated with the acronym CA IX and belonging to the superfamily of carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is a promising aspirant for checking tumours. CA IX is a transmembrane-CA isoform that is strongly overexpressed in many cancers being not much diffused in healthy tissues except the gastrointestinal tract. Here, it is summarised the role of CA IX as tumour-associated protein and its putative relationship in liquid biopsyfor diagnosing and monitoring cancer progression. ARTICLE HISTORY

The Effect of Substituted Benzene-Sulfonamides and Clinically Licensed Drugs on the Catalytic Activity of CynT2, a Carbonic Anhydrase Crucial for Escherichia coli Life Cycle

“…The CA superfamily is grouped into eight genetically distinct families (or classes), named with the Greek letters α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι [13][14][15]30,31]. In mammalian, for example, 15 CAs are expressed, 12 of which are catalytically active, and all belong to the α-class [9,16,[32][33][34][35][36][37]. It is interesting to stress that the genome of most pathogens does not encode for a α-CA [12][13][14]34,38,39].…”

Synthesis of Novel Bromophenol with Diaryl Methanes—Determination of Their Inhibition Effects on Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase

“…Hence, many pharmaceutical uses have notable goals for a variety of CA isoforms, including antiglaucoma drugs, anticonvulsant factors/diagnostic, diuretics, antiobesity, and antitumor tools [ 59 , 60 ]. For instance, inhibitors of the hCAs IX and XII isozymes have been used as antitumor and antimetastatic agents [ 61 , 62 ].…”

CA-IX-Expressing Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) Are Released by Melanoma Cells under Hypoxia and in the Blood of Advanced Melanoma Patients

“…Few studies have reported the relationship between CA-IX and sEVs in different cancer types [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. For the first time, we investigated CA-IX protein expression associated with sEVs in melanoma in vitro models.…”