Carbothermic reduction of refractory metals

Anderson, Robert N.; Parlee, N. A. D.

doi:10.1116/1.568917

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Alternatively, metallurgical coke would be cheaper but require more purifi cation of the product. There is also signifi cant potential for reduction in equipment A number of processes based on carbothermic reduction have been proposed over the last century [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] including some large-scale industrial trials during World War II. 10,11 These developments have concentrated on two process routes: the "quench" route and the "solvent" route.…”

Section: Carbothermic Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is very little information on the solvent process in the literature, [22][23][24] though signifi cant experimentation and theoretical assessment of the process was carried out by Rajakumar and coworkers at CSIRO Minerals in the 1990s. Current work at CSIRO has concentrated on identifying suitable solvents, process kinetics, and the submergence of pellets.…”

Section: Carbothermic Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The carbothermic route to magnesium

Brooks

Trang

Witt

et al. 2006

JOM

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Section: Carbothermic Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbothermic Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The carbothermic route to magnesium

Brooks

Trang

Witt

et al. 2006

JOM

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“…It consists of replacing the inert gas or vacuum by nitrogen gas [1,2,4]. The so called carbonitrothermic reduction method is based on the large negative free energy for the nitride forming reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These characteristics are not found in reactive metal oxides, including uranium. The successful carbothermic reduction of such oxides can still be done by means of some thermodynamic skill [1,2]. The general carbothermic reduction equation can be written:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbothermic reduction of uranium oxides into solvent metallic baths

Restivo¹,

Capocchi²

2004

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…Formerly, using this process on reactive metals has been of little commercial value, since the products obtained are usually a mixture of the free metal with undesired metal oxides and carbides (Stroup, 1964;Wilhelm, 1964), requiring an expensive separation of the metal component from the residue. Anderson andParlee (1974, 1976) have developed an economically attractive carbothermic reduction scheme for converting metal oxides to the metal in good yields without the formation of metal carbides, oxycarbides, suboxides, and other undesired products that characterized the previously-known form of carbothermic reduction. Analogous methods may be applied to a variety of separation processes, including most notably the…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chemical theory for the thermodynamics of highly‐solvated liquid metal mixtures

et al. 1982

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SCOPEThe proper use of liquid metals as solvents makes possible a wide range of new and advantageous chemical processes. For example the carbothermic reduction of reactive metal oxide ores in appropriate solvents could represent very substantial savings over the conventional, highly energy-intensive electrochemical production of aluminum, magnesium, and titantium. Traditionally the refining of pure reactor grade zirconium from ziconia by chemical separation of the hafnium impurities has been most difficult, but the Zn-Hf reduction and separation may be. accomplished directly and virtually quantitatively in a proper metal solvent. Solvent metal processes have even been shown to be successful in the separation of uranium from fission byproducts, thus leading to an environmentally acceptable and secure method for the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel elements. All of these processes are currently at bench scale, and for implementation a mathematical model is required for scale-up. All depend on the unique thermodynamic properties of liquid metal solutions, and in this work a chemical theory of solutions is used to characterize the strong interactions of solutions forming intermetallic compounds, when activity coefficients may deviate from Raoult's law by many orders of magnitude. Such models should be instrumental in the investigation, development, and rational design of liquid metal solvent processes. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCEStrongly solvating (compound-forming) liquid metal mixtures can be well characterized thermodynamically by a chemical model of solution behavior. Using such a model, the liquid activities are well represented for mixtures forming either a single or multiple compounds. In addition the method is successfully extended to multicomponent systems and to the representation of the solid-liquid phase boundary. Since such systems always exhibit strong negative derivations from Raoult's Law, liquidliquid equilibria never occurs. The model presented is capable of accounting for both "physical" and "chemical" forces, and the general equations are developed. For the systems studied the compound formation is generally quite strong and the physical forces may be considered negligible by comparison. This assumption permits a direct linear least-squares solution of the equations to find the equilibrium constants for compound formation, which are the only parameters in the excess Gibbs energy equation. The chemical model is shown to be far superior for these systems to the traditional solutions to the Gibbs-Duham Equation; the Redlich-Kister, Van Laar, and Wilson equations are mathematically incapable of representing such systems.

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Carbothermic reduction of refractory metals

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

The carbothermic route to magnesium

The carbothermic route to magnesium

Carbothermic reduction of uranium oxides into solvent metallic baths

A chemical theory for the thermodynamics of highly‐solvated liquid metal mixtures

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