Carboxyl or phosphate functionalization polyamidoamine dendrimer efficient scale inhibitor: Preparation and properties

Graphene Oxide Inhibits Calcium Carbonate Nucleation

“…17,19,20 However, the rough feature�branched/ cyclic structure�is not a definite indicator for a good antiscalant because reports show that a subtle molecular structure change can bring a sharp difference in the scale inhibition effect. 18,21 Actually, the structure−activity relationship of antiscalants is complicated, requiring insights into the scale inhibition mechanisms, while the current understanding of scale inhibition mechanisms is far from satisfactory, 22,23 impeding the design of high-performance antiscalants.…”

“…Mineral formation is ubiquitous in nature, industries, and daily life but sometimes highly undesirable because the deposits of low-thermal conductivity mineral scales, such as calcium carbonate, can greatly hinder heat/mass transfer, increasing energy consumption and even posing a serious threat to safety. , Therefore, how to prevent or reduce mineral scale formation is a critical issue. Typically, polymers rich in phosphoric and carboxylic groups are the two main types of conventional antiscalants because of their strong complexation with mineral ions and their adsorption to mineral scales. − Therein, poly­(phosphonate) antiscalants tend to be phased out due to the contamination of phosphorus-containing wastewater to water resources. , Therefore, at the moment, poly­(carboxylate) antiscalants are intensively investigated for scale inhibition performance improvement. , For example, based on modifying the structure of linear polycarboxylates, some branched and cyclic structures were found to be better in antiscaling − because the specific structure and stereochemistry might offer steric hindrance toward scaling ion combination and suitable coordination mode between the antiscalant ligand and scaling ion for antiscalants’ binding on the scale crystal plane and thus affecting scale crystal formation. ,, However, the rough featurebranched/cyclic structureis not a definite indicator for a good antiscalant because reports show that a subtle molecular structure change can bring a sharp difference in the scale inhibition effect. , Actually, the structure–activity relationship of antiscalants is complicated, requiring insights into the scale inhibition mechanisms, while the current understanding of scale inhibition mechanisms is far from satisfactory, , impeding the design of high-performance antiscalants.…”