Carboxymethyl cellulose: an efficient material in enhancing alternating current conductivity of HCl doped polyaniline

Highly Conductive Cellulose Network/Polyaniline Composites Prepared by Wood Fractionation and In Situ Polymerization of Aniline

“…The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of PANI, CN, and CNP samples (Figure b) were compared to investigate the potential change of crystal structure during the preparation process of CNP composites. Three broad peaks at 2θ = 16.4°, 21.0°, and 26.0° appeared in the XRD pattern of PANI, which corresponded to the (100), (110), and (111) planes, respectively . As previously reported, PANI is a noncrystalline substance, consistent with the findings in this study.…”

“…The appearance of characteristic bands of both CN and PANI with small shifts in the FTIR spectrum of the CNP composite (Figure a) confirmed the interaction between CN and PANI during the formation of the composite . The intensity of the peak at 3400 cm −1 for the CNP composites significantly reduced in comparison to that of the CN spectrum, possibly ascribed to the influence of PANI particles on the hydrogen bonds in cellulose . This suggests an increase in the electron density of PANI chains that results in the increase in conductivity of the CNP composite .…”

“…The fractionation process removed most hemicellulose and lignin fractions while leaving the cellulose network intact, as the characteristic peaks of cellulose dominated the spectrum of purified wood. As for the PANI spectrum (Figure a), the peaks at 1565, 1472, 1392, 1138, and 796 cm −1 were assigned to the CC stretching deformation of quinoid rings, CC stretching deformation of benzenoid rings, CN stretching band of an aromatic amine, in‐plane bending vibration of CH mode, and out of plane deformation of CH in the 1,4‐disubstituted benzene ring of PANI, respectively . In particular, the intensity of the absorption peak at 1472 cm −1 was greater than that at 1565 cm −1 , indicating that there were more benzene rings than quinones in the PANI molecular chains .…”

“…This observation may be attributed to the noncrystalline nature of PANI, which can partially break the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in cellulose and decrease the cellulose crystallinity of CN samples during the in situ polymerization of aniline monomers . Additionally, the diffraction peak assigned to the (010) plane of cellulose shifted to 2θ = 16.4° in the XRD pattern of CNP composites, which should also be due to the formation of PANI in the microstructure of the CN . Furthermore, based on the Bragg equation calculations, the lattice spacing ( d ‐spacing) of the (010) plane of the cellulose crystal in the CN and CNP composite were approximately 5.1537 and 5.3937 Å, respectively, indicating that the aniline polymerization increased the d ‐pacing of the cellulose crystal in the CNP composites.…”

Flexible Conductive Cellulose Network-Based Composite Hydrogel for Multifunctional Supercapacitors

“…Most of the characteristic peaks of the cellulose network, PAM, and PANI appeared in the spectrum of the CPP composite hydrogel, and the minor shifts in the peaks confirmed the interaction between the cellulose network and PANI. In particular, the decreased intensity and red shift in the -OH stretching vibration band showed the formation of new hydrogen bonds between the three components of the CPP hydrogel [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. In addition, the characteristic peaks of the quinone ring and benzene ring at 1533 and 1465 cm − 1 also showed a decreased intensity, and moved to a low-wavenumber region.…”