Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel from Biomass Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Calcium Chloride as Crosslinking Agent

Abstract

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is modified cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biomass waste that has been prepared through etherification using sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. In this research, CMC hydrogel was prepared using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the chemical crosslinker. Throughout the optimization process, four important parameters were studied, which were: (1) CMC concentration, (2) CaCl2 concentration, (3) reaction time, and (4) reaction temperature. From the results, the best gel content obtained was 28.11% at 20% (w/v) of CMC with 1% (w/v) of CaCl2 in 24 h reaction at room temperature. Meanwhile, the degree of swelling for CMC hydrogel was 47.34 g/g. All samples were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and FESEM to study and compare modification on the OPEFB cellulose. The FT-IR spectrum of CMC hydrogel showed a shift of COO− peaks at 1585 cm−1 and 1413 cm−1, indicating the substitution of Ca2+ into the CMC molecular chains. The XRD diffractogram of CMC hydrogel showed no observation of sharp peaks, which signified an amorphous hydrogel phase. The CrI value also proved the decrement of the crystalline nature of CMC hydrogel. TGA–DTG thermograms showed that the Tmax of CMC hydrogel at 293.33 °C is slightly better in thermal stability compared to CMC. Meanwhile, the FESEM micrograph of CMC hydrogel showed interconnected pores indicating the crosslinkages in CMC hydrogel. CMC hydrogel was successfully synthesized using CaCl2 as a crosslinking agent, and its swelling ability can be used in various applications such as drug delivery systems, industrial effluent, food additives, heavy metal removal, and many more.

Decoration of graphene oxide nanosheets with carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel, silk fibroin and magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical and hyperthermia applications

“…The second decrease in mass is observed in the range of about 300 to 500 °C. This reduction in mass could be related to the degradation of the cellulose backbone in the CMC structure as well as the cleavage of peptides in SF 41,42 . After 500 °C the mass of the GO-CMC hydrogel/SF/Fe 3 O 4 nanobiocomposite is reduced at a very low speed and eventually, about 30% of the mass remains at 1200 °C due to the inorganic parts.…”

Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Water and Salt Transport Characteristics of Saline–Alkali Soil in Xinjiang, China

“…Compared with the control, the cumulative infiltration of soil treated with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg CMC increased by 8.63%, 15.78%, 20.72%, and 17.75%, respectively, when the preset depth (30 cm) was attained. This was due to the fact that CMC improved the soil pore structure and increased the number of soil fine pores, thereby improving the water holding capacity of each soil layer and boosting the soil cumulative infiltration [ 10 ]. This suggested that the application of CMC could introduce more free water into the soil fine pores, which was beneficial to the full leaching of soil salinity.…”

“…CMC is usually an anionic polymer compound prepared by the reaction of natural cellulose with caustic soda and monochloroacetic acid, with molecular weight ranging from tens of millions to millions. Moreover, CMC is a water-soluble polymer with a high viscosity that can improve and sustain soil structure while also increasing cohesion between soil particles [ 10 , 11 ]. Many academics have used it to improve soil structure and water retention performance because of its wide availability, nontoxicity, and easy degradation by microorganisms in the soil [ 12 ].…”

Metagenomic data of microbial in natural empty fruit bunches degradation

“…OPEFB can be used as a feedstock for the production of multiple products as bioenergy resource, materials in polymer composites for energy absorption, and as a nanocellulose material in hydrogel production [2] . Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel is modified cellulose extracted from OPEFB biomass waste can be used in various applications such as drug delivery systems, industrial effluent, food additives, heavy metal removal, and many more [3] . The compounds in OPEFB lignin such as vanillin, syringaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde promise as a nutraceutical and health supplement especially in pharmaceutical and food supplement industries [4] .…”