Carceral layers in a geropsychiatric unit in Finland

Carceral and military geographies: Prisons, the military and war

“…The use of prefixes to qualify carcerality enables more- or less-carceral forms to be denoted, as in accounts of ‘transcarceral’ spaces in which freed prisoners experience reconfinement (Allspach, 2010) and ‘semi-carceral’ spaces of humanitarianism where security and care are integrated (Dadusc and Mudu, 2020; Pallister-Wilkins, 2018). ‘Quasi-carceral’ has been used to describe spaces of prisoners’ home-visits (Moran and Keinanen, 2012); prison transportation (Haywood, 2018); nursing homes (Repo, 2019); a hospitality centre for asylum seekers (Altin and Minca, 2016); gated communities (Kurwa, 2019); domestic spaces under covid lockdown (Sarkar, 2021); and institutions whose purpose is ostensibly to care rather than control (Disney and Schliehe, 2019; Philo and Parr, 2019). In very few of these works is the deployment of this ‘graduated’ terminology elucidated in detail, but the qualification of carcerality implies that there are circumstances in which it is somehow diluted and others in which it is enhanced.…”

“…In its early development, carceral geographers turned their attention to spaces of captivity, holding, detention, quarantine, and imprisonment in particular (Moran, 2016). Under this remit, scholars have investigated diverse aspects of carceral life; focussing upon change and difference for various groups of individualsfor adults, children, young people, those convicted of crimes, migrant detainees, asylum-seekers, etc.across space and time, and between cultures and jurisdictions (see Bloch and Olivares-Pelayo, 2021;Martin, 2021;McGeachan, 2019;Repo, 2019;Schliehe, 2021, among other numerous recent examples). The breadth of empirical work is vast, often attending to emotional and embodied geographies of carceral life.…”

Carceralities and Approved Gender Violence: The Case of Direct Provision in Ireland

“…Carceral practices are widespread in modern society, even to the extent that researchers talk about carceral age [18,20]. This carcerality has spread out from the prison to, for example, institutions of care [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] and to practices concerning immigrants and refugees [20,[28][29][30][31].…”

“…We use the concept of carceral layers to emphasize the layered ontology of the carceral and to detect the means behind carceral actions and carceral humanitarianism. Carceral spaces are not homogenic, but consist of different layers related to power relations, regime and spatio-temporalities [24]. The layers may be implemented by the state, a group of people or by individuals.…”

“…Regime as a carceral layer refers directly to the state-based violence and to those laws and directives that either allow or create carceral spaces, as in the case of Direct Provision, e.g., [2]. Carceral practices may also develop out of indifference and carelessness [24,25]. Loughnan [30] (p. 11) writes about 'zones of neglect', where carceralities emerge out of lack of treatment and neglect.…”