Carcinogenic Risk of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr and Critical Ecological Risk of Cd and Cu in Soil and Groundwater around the Municipal Solid Waste Open Dump in Central Thailand

Abstract

Several consequences of health effects from municipal solid waste caused by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic metals have been recognized. The water quality index ( WQI ) in the groundwater around this landfill is 2945.58, which is unacceptable for consumption. The contaminated groundwater mainly appears within a 1 km radius around the landfill. The metal pollution levels in the soil in descending order were Cu > Cd > Zn=Cr > Pb > Ni. The pollution degree (ER) of Cd was 2898.88, and the potential ecological risk index (RI) was 2945.58, indicating that the risk level was very high. Surprisingly, the hazard index (HI) of Pb (2.05) and Fe (1.59) in children was higher than 1. This indicated that the chronic risk and cancer risk caused by Pb and Fe for children were at a medium level. Carcinogenic risk by oral (CR oral) consumption of Ni, Cd, and Cr in children was 1.4E − 04, 2.5E − 04, and 1.8E − 04, respectively, while the lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) of Ni, Cd, and Cr in children was 1.5E − 04, 2.8E − 04, and 2.0E − 04, respectively. In adults, CR oral of Ni and Cr were 1.6E − 03 and 3.0E − 04, respectively, while LCR of Ni and Cr were 1.6E − 03 and 3.4E − 04, respectively, which exceeded the carcinogenic risks limits. Our study indicated a lifetime carcinogenic risk to humans. Environmental surveillance should focus on reducing health risks such as continuous monitoring of the groundwater, soil, and leachate treatment process.

Evaluating the Potential Health Risks of Selected Heavy Metals across Four Wastewater Treatment Water Works in Durban, South Africa

“…In this study, slope factors by oral intake were 0.00850 mg/kg/day, 1.7 mg/kg/day, 0.5 mg/kg/day, and 0.501 mg/kg/day for Pb, Ni, Cd, and Cr, respectively. A slope index by the dermal contact of 42.5 mg/kg/day was used for Pb and 20 mg/kg/day was available for both Ni and Fe [37]. The risk index (RI) was obtained by the addition of CR for the available SF heavy metals, as noted earlier.…”

“…Among the heavy metals, the THQs of As > Pb >Cr > Cd are all g than 1. It has been reported that, if the HQ or HI >1, it indicates that a high potentia be present, which may likely be manifested after a long time of exposure [36,37,75,76…”

“…Among the heavy metals, the THQs of As > Pb > Cr > Cd are all greater than 1. It has been reported that, if the HQ or HI > 1, it indicates that a high potential risk be present, which may likely be manifested after a long time of exposure [36,37,75,76]. The other heavy metals, such as Zn < Fe < Mn < Co < Ni, had HQ values lower than 1, which indicates that there may be no potential non-carcinogenic health risk or chronic toxicity after exposure to these heavy metals.…”

Appraisal of trace metals toxicity and human health risk using a novel approach in produced water of four gas fields, Bangladesh.

“…As non-cancer elements, excess amounts of TMs present in water can affect the liver, skin and pancreas, cause nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, sickness, and dizziness, as well as asthma and chronic bronchitis, allergic reactions, heart disorders(Ogidi et al, 2021;Odangowei et al, 2020), immune imbalances, frank anemia, hypertension, intellectual disability, gastrointestinal effects, skeletal delay, hearing loss, infertility, and so on. Since the combined hazard score is less than one, it can be concluded from the present study that there is no potential non-cancerous risk associated with consuming water from the studied gas elds region(Ogidi et al, 2021;Aendo et al, 2022). Hazard index of summer and rainy season water samples.…”

How to Remediate Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil?

“…Recent years have seen a rise in soil environmental pollution issues as a result of high levels of heavy metal contamination in the soil brought on by human beings' reckless pursuit of economic gain and improper industrial and agricultural production practices. Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, and other heavy metal elements are the principal culprits behind soil pollution (4)(5)(6). Latent, hidden, lengthy time to degrade, severe environmental effects, and challenging to repair are all difficulties for soil pollution related issues.…”