Carcinoid Syndrome: Preclinical Models and Future Therapeutic Strategies

Mantovani, Giovanna; Carra, Silvia; Alessi, Ylenia; Campolo, Federica; Pandozzi, Carla; Zanata, Isabella; Colao, Annamaria; Faggiano, Antongiulio

doi:10.3390/ijms24043610

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…In addition to symptoms caused by primary intraspinal tumors, symptoms of carcinoid syndrome may also occur, such as facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthma, cardiac symptoms, blood pressure fluctuations, and pigmentation. [9] The patient had no symptoms of carcinoid syndrome except numbness and pain in the extremities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Primary intraspinal neuroendocrine tumor: A case report and literature review

Dai,

Zou,

Liao

et al. 2024

Medicine

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Rationale: Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) refer to a group of uncommon tumors arising in the neuroendocrine system. Most NETs occur in the digestive tract and bronchi but are rare in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal canal. NET in the central nervous system mainly metastasize from other systems, with non-specific clinical symptoms. In this study, we report the diagnosis and treatment of intraspinal NET to provide clinical guidance as well as to avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Patient concerns: A 59-year-old male patient, presented with recurrent right lower limb pain for half a year, accompanied by numbness and weakness for 4 months and aggravation for 2 months. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a space-occupying lesion in the spinal canal. The diagnosis of primary intraspinal NET was confirmed by topathological examination. Diagnosis: Primary intraspinal NET tumor. Interventions: Surgical resection. Outcomes: Significant improvements in right lower limb pain, numbness, and weakness were observed, and lumbar spine MRI was performed again to dynamically observe the changes in intraspinal NET. Conclusions: Surgical resection may be an effective treatment for intraspinal NETs. Lessons: Intraspinal NETs are relatively rare and mostly manifest as limb numbness, weakness, and pain. Due to its nonspecific clinical symptoms, intraspinal NETs are easily misdiagnosed as lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy and lumbar spondylolisthesis. Therefore, in patients with long-term symptoms, in addition to common lumbar neuromuscular diseases, lumbar MRI should be performed promptly to exclude the possibility of lumbar NETs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Primary intraspinal neuroendocrine tumor: A case report and literature review

Dai,

Zou,

Liao

et al. 2024

Medicine

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“…Carcinoid syndrome (CS) refers to a series of symptoms mediated by various biologically active substances secreted by neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which mainly located in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. The two most common manifestations of this syndrome are diarrhea and facial flushing (Vitale, et al, 2023). While some researchers have uncovered that the release of active substances such as serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and tachykinins was a significant factor in causing CS, the mechanisms behind the occurrence of CS remain unclear (Gade et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and carcinoid syndrome: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Zhang,

Li,

Xie

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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ObjectiveCarcinoid syndrome (CS) commonly results from neuroendocrine tumors. While active substances are recognized as the main causes of the typical symptoms such as diarrhea and skin flush, the cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS remains unclear.MethodsThe Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) related to gut microbiota abundance and CS were obtained from the GWAS summary data. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to assess the causal relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS. Additionally, the MR-Egger, Weighted Median model, and Weighted model were employed as supplementary approaches. The heterogeneity function of the TwoSampleMR package was utilized to assess whether SNPs exhibit heterogeneity. The Egger intercept and Presso test were used to assess whether SNPs exhibit pleiotropy. The Leave-One-Out test was employed to evaluate the sensitivity of SNPs. The Steiger test was utilized to examine whether SNPs have a reverse causal relationship. A bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to elucidate the inferred cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS.ResultsThe IVW results indicated a causal relationship between 6 gut microbiota taxa and CS. Among the 6 gut microbiota taxa, the genus Anaerofilum (IVW OR: 0.3606, 95%CI: 0.1554–0.8367, p-value: 0.0175) exhibited a protective effect against CS. On the other hand, the family Coriobacteriaceae (IVW OR: 3.4572, 95%CI: 1.0571–11.3066, p-value: 0.0402), the genus Enterorhabdus (IVW OR: 4.2496, 95%CI: 1.3314–13.5640, p-value: 0.0146), the genus Ruminiclostridium6 (IVW OR: 4.0116, 95%CI: 1.2711–12.6604, p-value: 0.0178), the genus Veillonella (IVW OR: 3.7023, 95%CI: 1.0155–13.4980, p-value: 0.0473) and genus Holdemanella (IVW OR: 2.2400, 95%CI: 1.0376–4.8358, p-value: 0.0400) demonstrated a detrimental effect on CS. The CS was not found to have a reverse causal relationship with the above 6 gut microbiota taxa.ConclusionSix microbiota taxa were found to have a causal relationship with CS, and further randomized controlled trials are needed for verification.

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