Carcinoma of the axillary breast

Evans, Douglas M.; Guyton, Daniel P.

doi:10.1002/jso.2930590311

Cited by 110 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, Cogwells and Czerny reported that ipsilateral mastectomy does not result in an improved prognosis for patients with ectopic breast carcinoma (25). Evans and Guyton suggested that radical or modified radical surgery offered no advantage over local excision combined with axillary dissection or radiation with respect to outcome (2). It has been proposed that the surgical procedure of choice for ectopic breast carcinoma involves a wide resection of the tumour with surrounding tissue, including the skin and regional lymph nodes (3,26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Follow-up data is provided for a limited number of patients, indicating a four-year post-treatment survival of 9.4%, which has been calculated in a meta-analysis (2). At the time of diagnosis, the majority of patients with accessory breast carcinoma were in an advanced clinical stage, with nodal metastases or an unresectable tumour due to size (20,28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evans et al (2) reported that 71% of ectopic breast cancers were located in the axilla. Marshall et al (3) reported that 58% occurred in the axilla, 18.5% in the parasternal, 8.6% in the subclavicular, 8.6% in the submammary, and 4% in the vulvar; 94.7% of patients were women, and only 5.3% were men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients

Zhang

et al. 2015

Oncology Letters

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Abstract. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer, and contribute valuable information regarding this rare tumour to the current literature, ultimately facilitating the development of improved treatment strategies. The present study reported the cases of 11 patients with accessory breast cancer. The patients with accessory breast cancer were admitted between January 2002 and June 2014, and the patient records were retrospectively analysed. All patients presented with a tumour that was localised in the axilla. Out of these patients, there were 8 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and 3 patients with invasive lobular carcinoma. The follow-up periods for patients ranged between 4 and 54 months. Out of the 5 patients that experienced neoplasm metastases, 4 patients succumbed to the disease. In total, 6 patients remain alive with no evidence of disease. Accessory breast cancer is a progressive tumour, and long-term follow-up is required. A comprehensive treatment strategy may be an effective treatment option for patients; however, the optimal time at which to commence chemotherapy and the role of combined radiotherapy and endocrine therapy require additional investigation. IntroductionPrimary carcinomas of ectopic breast tissue have been reported in only a small number of cases and the axilla was the most frequent site of the primary tumor (1). Evans et al (2) reported that 71% of ectopic breast cancers were located in the axilla. Marshall et al (3) reported that 58% occurred in the axilla, 18.5% in the parasternal, 8.6% in the subclavicular, 8.6% in the submammary, and 4% in the vulvar; 94.7% of patients were women, and only 5.3% were men. Breast tissues develop from the ectodermal ridges, also known as the milk lines, on the ventral surface of the body, which extend from the axillae to the inguinal regions and end on the medial aspect of the thighs on each side of the body (4). Embryologically, ectopic breast tissue develops as a result of failed resolution of the mammary ridge, an ectodermal thickening that extends from the axilla to the groin (5). Ectopic breast tissue may appear at any site along the milk line, but it occurs most commonly in the axill; less commonly, it may appear in locations outside of the mammary ridge, including the face, middle back, buttock, posterior neck, chest, vulva, hip, posterior, flank and/or lateral thigh, shoulder and upper extremities (4,6).The diagnostic procedures and therapeutic management of accessory breast carcinoma are not definitively established. The present study aimed to perform an analysis of a series of patients with accessory breast cancer that were treated exclusively with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as to review the medical literature with regard to the clinical features, treatment methods and prognosis of this disease. The present study reports 11 such cases, with the goal of contributing valuable information about this unusual tumour to the current literat...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients

Zhang

et al. 2015

Oncology Letters

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“…Cancer originating from accessory or aberrant breast tissue has been reported with an incidence of 0.3-0.6% of all breast cancers, and 70-80% of these cases originated from the axillar region. But occurrence in the infraclavicular area, sternal area, upper abdominal area near the xiphoid process, and genital area has also been reported [1,4]. Here we report a malignant tumor arising from aberrant breast tissue, which was initially suspected as inflammatory or metastatic lymphadenopathy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…As the embryo develops, all but the pectoral portion of the original mammary ridge at the area of the fourth intercostal space resolves, leaving normal bilateral pectoral breast tissue [1]. Ectopic breast tissue has been found in multiple locations along the milk line from the axilla to the vulva.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypermetabolic Axillary Mass on 18F FDG PET/CT: Breast Cancer Arising from Accessory Breast Tissue

Park

Lee

Bae

et al. 2010

Nucl Med Mol Imaging

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Differential diagnosis among several causes of axillary malignant mass is important. The most common cause of palpable malignant axillary mass is metastatic lymphadenopathy. Although carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue is rare, the diagnosis should be kept in mind when evaluating malignant axillary mass. In this report we present a case with carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue. 18 F FDG PET/CT was performed for the purpose of localizing primary breast cancer lesion and systemic evaluation. PET/CT showed hypermetabolic lesions only in the right axilla. There is no evidence of malignancy in both breasts. When nuclear physicians encounter a hypermetabolic axillary mass indicating malignant lesion without evidence of primary breast malignant lesion, carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue should be included in the differential diagnosis.

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Sonographic appearance of a carcinoma developed in ectopic axillary breast tissue

Vignal¹

2005

J. Clin. Ultrasound

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Primary breast cancer of ectopic axillary breast tissue is almost never diagnosed preoperatively. When not accompanied by nipple-areolar complex, the mass is often believed to be a lipoma, an enlarged lymph node, or a skin lesion such as a sebaceous cyst or hydradenitis suppurativa. When an axillary mass is found, a percutaneous needle biopsy is mandatory to rule out the diagnosis of cancer in ectopic breast tissue. We describe the sonographic findings of a case of ductal carcinoma in axillary ectopic breast tissue.

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Carcinoma of the axillary breast

Cited by 110 publications

References 9 publications

Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients

Diagnosis and treatment of accessory breast cancer in 11 patients

Hypermetabolic Axillary Mass on 18F FDG PET/CT: Breast Cancer Arising from Accessory Breast Tissue

Sonographic appearance of a carcinoma developed in ectopic axillary breast tissue

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