Cardenolide-containing plants of the family Cruciferae

Makarevich, I. F.; Zhernoklev, K. V.; Slyusarskaya, T. V.; Yarmolenko, G. N.

doi:10.1007/bf00629957

Cited by 18 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There are clear cases of evolutionary novelty, such as the origin of the sulfur-based glucosinolatemyrosinase defense system in the Brassicaceae. This potent defense is diagnostic for the family; yet restricted genera in the Brassicaceae have additionally evolved novel compound classes [e.g., tropane alkaloids (39), cucurbitacins (40), and cardenolides (41)] that typically occur in other plant families. The evolution of furanocoumarins in Apiaceae is thought to have entailed progression toward more toxic forms (42), but a firm phylogenetic framework has not yet been established.…”

Section: Evolution Of Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Futuyma

Agrawal

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

548

467

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Terrestrial biodiversity is dominated by plants and the herbivores that consume them, and they are one of the major conduits of energy flow up to higher trophic levels. Here, we address the processes that have generated the spectacular diversity of flowering plants (>300,000 species) and insect herbivores (likely >1 million species). Long-standing macroevolutionary hypotheses have postulated that reciprocal evolution of adaptations and subsequent bursts of speciation have given rise to much of this biodiversity. We critically evaluate various predictions based on this coevolutionary theory. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral states has revealed evidence for escalation in the potency or variety of plant lineages' chemical defenses; however, escalation of defense has been moderated by tradeoffs and alternative strategies (e.g., tolerance or defense by biotic agents). There is still surprisingly scant evidence that novel defense traits reduce herbivory and that such evolutionary novelty spurs diversification. Consistent with the coevolutionary hypothesis, there is some evidence that diversification of herbivores has lagged behind, but has nevertheless been temporally correlated with that of their host-plant clades, indicating colonization and radiation of insects on diversifying plants. However, there is still limited support for the role of host-plant shifts in insect diversification. Finally, a frontier area of research, and a general conclusion of our review, is that community ecology and the long-term evolutionary history of plant and insect diversification are inexorably intertwined.coevolution ͉ herbivory ͉ insect host range ͉ phylogenetic analyses ͉ plant defense theory

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Section: Evolution Of Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Futuyma

Agrawal

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

548

467

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“…For di-glycosidic 436 cardenolides, additional fragments corresponding to the loss of the outer sugar moiety allowed us to 437 determine the mass and order of sugar moieties in the linear glycoside chain of the molecule. We 438 screened our data for the presence of glycosides of strophanthidin, digitoxigenin, and cannogenol, and 439 additional genins known to occur in Erysimum species (Makarevich et al 1994). Multiple cardenolide 440 genins can share the same molecular structure and may not be distinguished by mass spectrometry 441 alone.…”

Section: Identification and Quantification Of Defense Compounds 399mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Erysimum species (Makarevich et al 1994). In addition, we identified three previously undescribed 807 mass features with fragmentation patterns characteristic of cardenolide genins ( Figure S11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid and independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)

Züst

Strickler

Powell

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractPhytochemical diversity is thought to result from coevolutionary cycles as specialization in herbivores imposes diversifying selection on plant chemical defenses. Plants in the speciose genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) produce both ancestral glucosinolates and evolutionarily novel cardenolides as defenses. Here we test macroevolutionary hypotheses on co-expression, co-regulation, and diversification of these potentially redundant defenses across this genus. We sequenced and assembled the genome of E. cheiranthoides and foliar transcriptomes of 47 additional Erysimum species to construct a highly resolved phylogeny, revealing that cardenolide diversity increased rapidly rather than gradually over evolutionary time. Concentrations, inducibility, and diversity of the two defenses varied independently among species, with no evidence for trade-offs. Closely related species shared similar cardenolide traits, but not glucosinolate traits, likely as a result of specific selective pressures acting on distinct molecular diversification mechanisms. Ancestral and novel chemical defenses in Erysimum thus appear to provide complementary rather than redundant functions.

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“…In addition to producing evolutionarily ancestral glucosinolates, plants in this family have gained the ability to produce saponins in Barbarea vulgaris (Shinoda et al 2002), alkaloids in Cochlearia officinalis (Brock et al 2006), cucurbitacins in Iberis spp. (Nielsen 1978b), alliarinoside in Alliaria petiolata (Frisch and Møller 2012), and cardenolides in the genus Erysimum (Makarevich et al 1994). These recently-evolved chemical defenses with modes of action distinct from glucosinolates have likely allowed the plants to escape attack from specialized, glucosinolate-adapted herbivores (Nielsen 1978b, Dimock et al 1991, Haribal and Renwick 2001, Shinoda et al 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of cardenolides by species in the genus Erysimum is one of the longest-and best-studied examples of an evolutionarily recent gain of a novel chemical defense (Jaretzky and Wilcke 1932, Nagata et al 1957, Singh and Rastogi 1970, Makarevich et al 1994. Cardenolides are a type of cardiac glycoside, which act as allosteric inhibitors of Na + /K + -ATPase, an essential membrane ion transporter that is expressed ubiquitously in animal cells (Agrawal et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision letter: Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)

Whiteman

Hahn

2019

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Phytochemical diversity is thought to result from coevolutionary cycles as specialization in herbivores imposes diversifying selection on plant chemical defenses. Plants in the speciose genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) produce both ancestral glucosinolates and evolutionarily novel cardenolides as defenses. Here we test macroevolutionary hypotheses on co-expression, co-regulation, and diversification of these potentially redundant defenses across this genus. We sequenced and assembled the genome of E. cheiranthoides and foliar transcriptomes of 47 additional Erysimum species to construct a phylogeny from 9,869 orthologous genes, revealing several geographic clades but also high levels gene discordance. Concentrations, inducibility, and diversity of the two defenses varied independently among species, with no evidence for trade-offs. Closely related, geographically co-occurring species shared similar cardenolide traits, but not glucosinolate traits, likely as a result of specific selective pressures acting on each defense. Ancestral and novel chemical defenses in Erysimum thus appear to provide complementary rather than redundant functions.

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Cardenolide-containing plants of the family Cruciferae

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores

Rapid and independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)

Decision letter: Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae)

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