Cardiac and Vascular Manifestations

Prenatal diagnosis and follow‐up of 23 cases of cardiac tumors

“…In 50–86% of cases, rhabdomyomas are associated with TS, often presenting malformations of the central nervous system, skin, and other internal organs such as kidneys (Groves et al , 1992; Krapp et al , 1999; Geipel et al , 2001; Lethor and de Moore, 2001; Tworetzky et al , 2003; Zhou et al , 2004). Cardiac tumors are the earliest in utero manifestation of this disease (Krapp et al , 1999; Geipel et al , 2001; Tworetzky et al , 2003; Zhou et al , 2004; Jóźwiak et al , 2008; Jóźwiak and Respondek‐Liberska, 2010). TS is much more common in multiple than single cardiac tumors (95 vs 35% in the series of Tworetzky et al (2003).…”