Cardiac Biomarkers and Their Role in Identifying Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Complications in COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health concern, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Both lifestyle and genetics influence the development of CVD. It is often diagnosed late, when the treatment options are limited. Early diagnosis of CVD with help of biomarkers is necessary to prevent adverse outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause cardiovascular complications even in patients with no prior history of CVD. This review highlights cardiovascular biomarkers, including novel ones, and their applications as diagnostic and prognostic markers of cardiovascular complications related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were shown to have elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers, namely N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and troponins, indicating acute myocardial damage. These biomarkers were also associated with higher mortality rates and therefore should be used throughout COVID-19 patient care to identify high-risk patients promptly to optimize their outcomes. Additionally, microRNAs (miRNAs) are also considered as potential biomarkers and predictors of cardiac and vascular damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Identifying molecular pathways contributing to cardiovascular manifestations in COVID-19 is essential for development of early biomarkers, identification of new therapeutic targets, and better prediction and management of cardiovascular outcomes.

Inflammaging in Multidrug-Resistant Sepsis of Geriatric ICU Patients and Healthcare Challenges

“…Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on investigating age-specific alterations in organ dysfunction along with MDR infections. The heart comprises cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and macrophages as its primary defense [17]. Over time, the heart experiences changes characterized by several distinct features, such as cardiomyocytes gradually enlarging, cardiac fibrosis emerging, and inflammation becoming evident, collectively defining the senescing process within the heart [18,19].…”

Advancements in Myocardial Infarction Management: Exploring Novel Approaches and Strategies

“…Obesity and metabolic syndrome are established risk factors for MI, with their prevalence steadily increasing globally. Obesity contributes to a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, all of which promote atherosclerosis progression [13]. Diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, augments atherosclerosis development and accelerates plaque vulnerability through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction [13,14].…”

“…Obesity contributes to a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, all of which promote atherosclerosis progression [13]. Diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, augments atherosclerosis development and accelerates plaque vulnerability through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction [13,14]. Hypertension, another key risk factor, exerts mechanical stress on arterial walls, promoting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis initiation [15].…”

Rapid-Test Kit for Cardiac Troponin I: A Reliable Enzyme-Linked-Immuno-Substrate-Assay-Based Biosensor for Daily-Use Naked-Eye Detection and Pharmacokinetic Studies for Myocardial Infarction in Cardiovascular Disease

“…In cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), plaque accumulates in the coronary artery and affects blood flow, − resulting in a lack of oxygen or nutrition in the heart that can lead to death. The American Heart Association annually releases statistical reports on heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, and considerable research efforts are devoted to CVD. , This focus includes artificial polymer bypass graft transplants, ,− stent material innovations, antithrombosis medicine studies, ,− tissue engineering for artificial vascular grafts, ,, tissue repair medicine for ischemia, ,− and creating biomarkers for detection. ,,, …”