Cardiac output and leg and arm blood flow during incremental exercise to exhaustion on the cycle ergometer

Calbet, José A. L.; González‐Alonso, José; Helge, Jørn Wulff; Söndergaard, Hans Peter; Munch‐Andersen, Thor; Boushel, Robert; Saltin, Bengt

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01281.2006

Cited by 147 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In fact, in our experiments stroke volume increased significantly when transitioning from rest to 69% peak power, but was the same at 69, 77, and 85% peak power. These findings are in line with those of Calbet et al (2007), who reported stroke volume to rise after the transition from unloaded pedalling to submaximal exercise, and then reach maximal values beyond 64% peak power. Furthermore, our data confirm the findings of Davies et al (1972), who found stroke volume to be similar between 40 and 80% of maximal aerobic power.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Non-invasive haemodynamic assessments using Innocor™ during standard graded exercise tests

2009

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Non-invasive haemodynamic assessments using Innocor™ during standard graded exercise tests

2009

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“…Although potentially complicated by the small versus large muscle mass approach in these two studies, this is not the first time that arm-and leg-specific differences have been found in terms of metabolic and vascular responses (4,5,24,25,45). Recent work, investigating limb-specific regulation of blood flow during incremental arm or leg exercise, revealed that for a given local V O 2 , leg vascular conductance was five to six times greater than arm vascular conductance (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Maximal strength training and increased work efficiency: contribution from the trained muscle bed

Barrett-O’Keefe

Helgerud

Wagner

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Maximal strength training (MST) reduces pulmonary oxygen uptake (V O2) at a given submaximal exercise work rate (i.e., efficiency). However, whether the increase in efficiency originates in the trained skeletal muscle, and therefore the impact of this adaptation on muscle blood flow and arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO 2diff), is unknown. Thus five trained subjects partook in an 8-wk MST intervention consisting of half-squats with an emphasis on the rate of force development during the concentric phase of the movement. Pre-and posttraining measurements of pulmonary V O2 (indirect calorimetry), single-leg blood flow (thermodilution), and single-leg a-vO2diff (blood gases) were performed, to allow the assessment of skeletal muscle V O2 during submaximal cycling [237 Ϯ 23 W; ϳ60% of their peak pulmonary V O2 (V O2peak)]. Pulmonary V O2peak (ϳ4.05 l/min) and peak work rate (ϳ355 W), assessed during a graded exercise test, were unaffected by MST. As expected, following MST there was a significant reduction in pulmonary V O2 during steady-state submaximal cycling (ϳ237 W: 3.2 Ϯ 0.1 to 2.9 Ϯ 0.1 l/min). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in single-leg V O2 (1,101 Ϯ 105 to 935 Ϯ 93 ml/min) and single-leg blood flow (6,670 Ϯ 700 to 5,649 Ϯ 641 ml/min), but no change in single-leg a-vO2diff (16.7 Ϯ 0.8 to 16.8 Ϯ0.4 ml/dl). These data confirm an MSTinduced reduction in pulmonary V O2 during submaximal exercise and identify that this change in efficiency originates solely in skeletal muscle, reducing muscle blood flow, but not altering muscle a-vO2diff. oxygen consumption; blood flow; work economy DURING CYCLE EXERCISE, at a given submaximal work rate (WR), pulmonary oxygen uptake (V O 2 ) is similar between individuals of varying aerobic capacities [peak V O 2 (V O 2peak )] (34). This is true despite the complex, systemwide metabolic costs of exercise, such as ventilatory and cardiac muscle work, ion transport, and exercise-induced alterations in thermoregulation and metabolism, each of which may influence the V O 2 /WR relationship (6,39,43). Thus work efficiency, measured as the ratio of pulmonary V O 2 to work accomplished during submaximal steady-state cycling, is a global assessment of metabolic demand and may be influenced by a change in any of these systems. Therefore, a perturbation or stressor, such as maximal strength training (MST), which has been determined to alter work efficiency (22,26,42), may not simply be attributed to a change in efficiency of the exercising muscle.For over a decade, studies have documented that the use of MST, which consists of high loads and few repetitions, with an emphasis on the maximal rate of force development, improves work efficiency in both sedentary (22) and aerobically trained individuals (26,42), and this MST-induced change is even more evident during high-intensity exercise (22). While it is reasonable to expect enhanced intramuscular efficiency to be a major contributor to this documented improvement in work efficiency, an attenuated O 2 cost, external ...

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“…Details of the experimental protocols used in study 1 have been reported (Calbet et al . 2007; Boushel et al . 2011; Helge et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood temperature and perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs

González‐Alonso

Calbet

Boushel

et al. 2015

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study? Temperature‐sensitive mechanisms are thought to contribute to blood‐flow regulation, but the relationship between exercising and non‐exercising limb perfusion and blood temperature is not established. What is the main finding and its importance? The close coupling among perfusion, blood temperature and aerobic metabolism in exercising and non‐exercising extremities across different exercise modalities and activity levels and the tight association between limb vasodilatation and increases in plasma ATP suggest that both temperature‐ and metabolism‐sensitive mechanisms are important for the control of human limb perfusion, possibly by activating ATP release from the erythrocytes. Temperature‐sensitive mechanisms may contribute to blood‐flow regulation, but the influence of temperature on perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs is not established. Blood temperature (T B), blood flow and oxygen uptake (trueV˙O2) in the legs and arms were measured in 16 healthy humans during 90 min of leg and arm exercise and during exhaustive incremental leg or arm exercise. During prolonged exercise, leg blood flow (LBF) was fourfold higher than arm blood flow (ABF) in association with higher T B and limb trueV˙O2. Leg and arm vascular conductance during exercise compared with rest was related closely to T B (r 2 = 0.91; P < 0.05), plasma ATP (r 2 = 0.94; P < 0.05) and limb V˙normalO2 (r 2 = 0.99; P < 0.05). During incremental leg exercise, LBF increased in association with elevations in T B and limb trueV˙O2, whereas ABF, arm T B and V˙normalO2 remained largely unchanged. During incremental arm exercise, both ABF and LBF increased in relationship to similar increases in trueV˙O2. In 12 trained males, increases in femoral T B and LBF during incremental leg exercise were mirrored by similar pulmonary artery T B and cardiac output dynamics, suggesting that processes in active limbs dominate central temperature and perfusion responses. The present data reveal a close coupling among perfusion, T B and aerobic metabolism in exercising and non‐exercising extremities and a tight association between limb vasodilatation and increases in plasma ATP. These findings suggest that temperature and V˙normalO2 contribute to the regulation of limb perfusion through control of intravascular ATP.

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Cardiac output and leg and arm blood flow during incremental exercise to exhaustion on the cycle ergometer

Cited by 147 publications

References 63 publications

Non-invasive haemodynamic assessments using Innocor™ during standard graded exercise tests

Non-invasive haemodynamic assessments using Innocor™ during standard graded exercise tests

Maximal strength training and increased work efficiency: contribution from the trained muscle bed

Blood temperature and perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs

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