Cardiac output determination by use of lithium dilution during exercise in horses

Durando, Mary M.; Corley, Kevin T.T.; Boston, Raymond C.; Birks, Eric K.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.8.1054

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Considerably higher cumulative dosages of LiCl (0.8 mmol/kg; 69.3 mmol LiCL) were used in a study in exercising horses and did not result in any adverse effects; however, overestimation of CO was documented as the number of lithium injections and exercise intensity increased. 3 Lithium determinations of CO in this study ranged between 16.6 and 63.0 L/min, which represent a wide physiological range of CO and are similar to ranges achieved in comparable studies. 7,44 Echocardiographic derivation of CO was not influenced by level of CO.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Accumulation was unlikely in this study as the mean cumulative lithium dose was 0.038 mmol/kg and no more than 8 lithium injections were administered to any horse (19.2 mmol LiCl total). Considerably higher cumulative dosages of LiCl (0.8 mmol/kg; 69.3 mmol LiCL) were used in a study in exercising horses and did not result in any adverse effects; however, overestimation of CO was documented as the number of lithium injections and exercise intensity increased …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, CO monitoring in adult horses has been limited to the research setting. [2][3][4] Cardiac or peripheral artery catheterization is required for indicator dilution methods of CO measurement and is generally not suitable in a clinical setting. Transthoracic echocardiography has been used to measure CO in people and in small animals with various 2-dimensional (2-D) volumetric or Doppler methods.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Following trends in CO in individual animals in the intensive care unit might allow for both earlier detection of cardiovascular derangements and optimization of clinical interventions. To date, CO monitoring in adult horses has been limited to the research setting . Cardiac or peripheral artery catheterization is required for indicator dilution methods of CO measurement and is generally not suitable in a clinical setting.…”

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Doppler and Volumetric Echocardiographic Methods for Cardiac Output Measurement in Standing Adult Horses

McConachie

Barton

Rapoport

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Cardiac output (CO) is not routinely measured in critically ill adult horses because of invasiveness of currently validated methods. Noninvasive CO monitoring would complement clinical assessment of hemodynamic status in adult horses.Hypothesis: Volumetric methods for measuring CO will have better agreement with lithium dilution than Dopplerbased methods.Animals: Eight healthy adult horses. Methods: Prospective study. CO was manipulated with continuous rate infusions of dobutamine and romifidine to achieve high and low CO states, respectively. At each level, CO was measured by lithium dilution and various echocardiographic methods. Images stored as video loops were reviewed by an individual blinded to the lithium dilution results.Results: Lithium dilution determinations of CO ranged between 16.6 and 63.0 L/min. There was a significant effect of method of CO measurement (P < .001), but no significant effect of CO level (P = .089) or interaction between level and method (P = .607) on the absolute value of the bias. The absolute values of the bias of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) Doppler, Simpson, 4-chamber area-length, and bullet methods [5.5, 6.1, 6.5, 8.8 L/min, respectively] were significantly lower than that of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) Doppler or cubic methods [14.8, 24.3 L/min, respectively].Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The 4-chamber area-length, Simpson, bullet, and RVOT Doppler provided better agreement with lithium dilution than the other methods evaluated. These methods warrant further investigation for use in critically ill adult horses.

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confidence: 85%

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confidence: 99%

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