Cardiac resident macrophages: Spatiotemporal distribution, development, physiological functions, and their translational potential on cardiac diseases

Jin, Jing; Wang, Yurou; Liu, Yueqin; Chakrabarti, Subrata; Su, Zhaoliang

doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.018

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.018

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Cardiac resident macrophages: Spatiotemporal distribution, development, physiological functions, and their translational potential on cardiac diseases

Jing Jin,

Yurou Wang,

Yueqin Liu

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

References 102 publications

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Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and its role in cardiac fibrosis

Shen,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2025

International Immunopharmacology

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Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and its role in cardiac fibrosis

Shen,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2025

International Immunopharmacology

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The molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and related diseases

Li,

Du,

Deng

et al. 2024

Sig Transduct Target Ther

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Cardiac development is a complex and intricate process involving numerous molecular signals and pathways. Researchers have explored cardiac development through a long journey, starting with early studies observing morphological changes and progressing to the exploration of molecular mechanisms using various molecular biology methods. Currently, advancements in stem cell technology and sequencing technology, such as the generation of human pluripotent stem cells and cardiac organoids, multi-omics sequencing, and artificial intelligence (AI) technology, have enabled researchers to understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development better. Many molecular signals regulate cardiac development, including various growth and transcription factors and signaling pathways, such as WNT signaling, retinoic acid signaling, and Notch signaling pathways. In addition, cilia, the extracellular matrix, epigenetic modifications, and hypoxia conditions also play important roles in cardiac development. These factors play crucial roles at one or even multiple stages of cardiac development. Recent studies have also identified roles for autophagy, metabolic transition, and macrophages in cardiac development. Deficiencies or abnormal expression of these factors can lead to various types of cardiac development abnormalities. Nowadays, congenital heart disease (CHD) management requires lifelong care, primarily involving surgical and pharmacological treatments. Advances in surgical techniques and the development of clinical genetic testing have enabled earlier diagnosis and treatment of CHD. However, these technologies still have significant limitations. The development of new technologies, such as sequencing and AI technologies, will help us better understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and promote earlier prevention and treatment of CHD in the future.

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Cardiac macrophages in maintaining heart homeostasis and regulating ventricular remodeling of heart diseases

Kang,

Jia,

Feng

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Macrophages are most important immune cell population in the heart. Cardiac macrophages have broad-spectrum and heterogeneity, with two extreme polarization phenotypes: M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages (CCR2-ly6Chi) and M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages (CCR2-ly6Clo). Cardiac macrophages can reshape their polarization states or phenotypes to adapt to their surrounding microenvironment by altering metabolic reprogramming. The phenotypes and polarization states of cardiac macrophages can be defined by specific signature markers on the cell surface, including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), C-C chemokine receptor type (CCR)2, IL-4 and arginase (Arg)1, among them, CCR2+/- is one of most important markers which is used to distinguish between resident and non-resident cardiac macrophage as well as macrophage polarization states. Dedicated balance between M1 and M2 cardiac macrophages are crucial for maintaining heart development and cardiac functional and electric homeostasis, and imbalance between macrophage phenotypes may result in heart ventricular remodeling and various heart diseases. The therapy aiming at specific target on macrophage phenotype is a promising strategy for treatment of heart diseases. In this article, we comprehensively review cardiac macrophage phenotype, metabolic reprogramming, and their role in maintaining heart health and mediating ventricular remodeling and potential therapeutic strategy in heart diseases.

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Cardiac resident macrophages: Spatiotemporal distribution, development, physiological functions, and their translational potential on cardiac diseases

Cited by 3 publications

References 102 publications

Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and its role in cardiac fibrosis

Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and its role in cardiac fibrosis

The molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and related diseases

Cardiac macrophages in maintaining heart homeostasis and regulating ventricular remodeling of heart diseases

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