Cardio-metabolic risk prediction should be superior to cardiovascular risk assessment in primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases represent the main cause of death in the developed and developing populations. Although major progress has been made in the management of the classical modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, unhealthy lifestyle conduces to an increasing prevalence of overweight, obesity, metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. That is why cardio-metabolic risk prediction should be superior in the primary prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Up-to-date primary preventive strategies according to the European Guidelines, especially the high risk strategy approach, are being implemented. Individual cardiovascular and better cardio-metabolic risk assessment represents the basic approach in the individualized primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardio-metabolic biomarkers, especially high sensitivity C-reactive protein, albuminuria, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and imaging procedures (carotid intima-media thickness measured by ultrasound) could improve the prediction of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes beyond that using traditional risk factors.

Influences of gender in metabolic syndrome and its components among people living with HIV virus using antiretroviral treatment in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of highly prevalent disease, a global challenge at the moment and it has been playing a major role as a marker for metabolic disorders [ 1 , 2 ]. According to United States National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (US NCEP ATP-III) criteria, MetS is defined by three or more of the following features: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), insulin resistance, and hypertension [ 3 ].…”

Lipoprotein Subfractions in Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Clinical Significance and Therapeutic Approaches

“…A sedentary lifestyle and high energy diet increases the prevalence of being overweight, obesity, metabolic disorders (e.g., metabolic syndrome, MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1]. Obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities, such as MetS and T2DM, are a major health problem worldwide [2].…”

Screening for Dyslipidemia and Expedience of Statin Therapy for the Citizens of Transcarpathia Valley Regions With Overweight and Obesity

“…Discussion thus, with increase of BMi, lipid profile got worse: the levels of total cholesterol and lDl cholesterol increased and of HDL cholesterol decreased. According to the literature [8,9,10], in patients with overweight and obesity most often such lipid disorders are found: rising of small particles of LDL in blood plasma, which is often associated with increased level of TG and decreased level of HDL-C [6]. According to the Framingham Heart Study about 10% of patients with overweight have increased blood concentrations of cholesterol by 0.3 mmol/l.…”

“…In most patients with obesity such lipid disorders are observed: rising of small particles of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in blood plasma [5,6,7], which is often associated with increased levels of triglycerides (TG) and decreased level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) [5].…”