Cardiometabolic evaluation of small for gestational age children: protective effect of breast milk

Santiago, Ana Cecília Travassos; Cunha, Louise Perna Martins da; Costa, Mariana de Lima; Lyra, Priscila Pinheiro Ribeiro; Oliveira, Patrícia Ribeiro de; Conceição, Gildásio Carvalho da; Moreira, Lícia Maria Oliveira; Alves, Crésio de Aragão Dantas

doi:10.20960/nh.03267

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The nine studies that were included in the final analysis range from 2002 to 2021 [ 24 – 32 ]. Three studies analysed benefits associated with breastfeeding in SGA and adequate for gestational age (AGA) newborns [ 25 , 28 , 31 ]. Three studies executed a comparison between exclusive breastfed and non-exclusive breastfed SGA newborns [ 26 , 30 , 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exclusively one research studied the use of donor breast milk [ 32 ]. There was wide variability in sample size: the smallest study included 30 infants (20 SGA vs. 10 AGA) [ 28 ], while Rao et al conducted the largest one comprising 568 newborns, including 243 SGA newborns [ 27 ]. Furthermore, among the 9 selected studies, 7 were prospective cohort studies, 1 was a case-control study, 1 was a randomized controlled trial.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maternal education was not determined for women entered the study on the day of delivery. 2021 Santiago et al [ 28 ] Cohort study, prospective 32 (20 SGA) 2.370 g BF Breastfed SGA vs. breastfed AGA 4–6 In the SGA group, there was no relation between breastfeeding time and increased body fat in any of the analyses performed (BMI, CC, CP, and skinfolds). VERY LOW Small sample size due to drop-out.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…duration, proportion of formula milk). Finally, the analysis was not completely reported and part of the object of the present review was evaluated indirectly [ 28 ]. In 2016, Rodriguez-Lopez et al conducted a cohort study that explored the influence of postnatal nutrition on cardiovascular remodelling induced by FGR in comparison with AGA newborns.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was revealed that breastfeeding time reduces significantly ventricular remodelling parameters [ 29 ]. Cardiometabolic laboratory findings and anthropometric parameters were non significantly different between breastfed SGA and AGA newborns [ 28 ]. An interesting piece of evidence researched in the literature was the evaluation of the long-term effects of the type of diet established during hospitalisation and after discharge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term benefits of exclusive human milk diet in small for gestational age neonates: a systematic review of the literature

Pagano,

Gaeta,

Morlino

et al. 2024

Ital J Pediatr

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Evidence about feeding practices’ consequences in small for gestational age newborns is not well established because they are less likely to initiate and continue breastfeeding than other newborns. Our aim was to study current knowledge about the benefits of exclusive human milk diet after 2 years of age in small for gestational age newborns. A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline criteria. Pubmed and Scopus were searched for studies published from databases inception until June 2, 2023. Included articles were analysed and synthesised. Risk of bias and level of evidence assessments were performed. They were enrolled small for gestational age newborns fed by breastfeeding, breast milk or donor milk. The systematic review included 9 articles which were related to 4 health domains: neurodevelopment, cardiovascular, somatic growth and bone mineralization and atopy. Extracted data support a beneficial effect of breastfeeding on these outcomes. Better quality of evidence and longer follow-up are needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Long-term benefits of exclusive human milk diet in small for gestational age neonates: a systematic review of the literature

Pagano,

Gaeta,

Morlino

et al. 2024

Ital J Pediatr

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Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

You

Qie

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to identify the weight gain patterns of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in early life and to explore the predictive value for later overweight/obesity in childhood.MethodsWe obtained data from a prospective cohort including term SGA infants born between January 2006 and November 2015 who received regular health care from birth to 5 years in West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China. A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was applied to group children with similar growth trajectory patterns. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between weight gain patterns and later overweight/obesity.ResultsA total of 296 term SGA infants were finally included. Five weight gain trajectories were identified, including excessive rapid catch-up growth (ERCG) (class 1, 10.9%), rapid catch-up growth (RCG) (class 2, 17.9%), appropriate catch-up growth (ACG) (class 3, 53.0%), slow catch-up growth (SCG) (class 4, 13.4%) and almost no catch growth (NCG) (class 5, 4.8%). SGA infants in class 1 and class 2 had a higher BMI according to age- and sex-specific Z scores from 2–5 years of age. In addition, 25% of SGA infants in class 1 and 13.2% of SGA infants in class 2 were found to be overweight/obese at 2-5 years of age. After adjusting for confounders, we found that extremely rapid weight gain (class 1) in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity by 2.1 times at 2 to 5 years of age (aOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3~4.8; P<0.05). Furthermore, the increment of ΔWAZ between 0 and 4 mo was prominently related to the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years for term SGA infants (aOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.7~8.1; P<0.001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the area under curve (AUC) was 0.7, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.6 to 0.8 (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe extremely rapid weight gain pattern of term SGA infants in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years of age. It suggests monitoring weight gain across the infant period represents a first step towards primary prevention of childhood obesity.

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The Catch Up of Small for Gestational Age: Breast Milk Is It the Best?

Bachrouche¹

2024

Infant Nutrition and Feeding

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Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined as a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age. We can distinguish two categories of SGA: the first group is constitutionally programmed to be small despite a favorable maternal environment, the second group has a growth restriction due to a maternal condition leading to placental insufficiency. The burden of fetal growth-restricted (FGR) SGA is higher in resource-poor countries, and children born FGR SGA have a higher risk of mortality and morbidity during the neonatal period and beyond. To overcome this underweight and therefore the higher rate of early and late morbimortality, it seems logical that the weight gain in the first months of life (catch up phenomenon) have the optimal speed. Exclusive breastfeeding from birth until six months of age should be encouraged for all infants, including SGA infants, but the supplementation with standard formula or fortified formula until the 6th month of life is it not justified for an optimal catch up? Many authors believe that the “catch up” phenomenon would be the major etiological factors of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome in the future. It was demonstrated in many research that, SGA children who received fortified formula or standard formula whatever the reason, showed faster weight gain in the first months of life, which was related to increased body fat later in life. It was also revealed in several studies that, when exclusively breastfed, SGA achieved a catch-up growth slower, suggesting that the human milk can be the reference nutriment for healthy growth without nutritional impairment in children born SGA with effects persisting until adulthood.

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Cardiometabolic evaluation of small for gestational age children: protective effect of breast milk

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Long-term benefits of exclusive human milk diet in small for gestational age neonates: a systematic review of the literature

Long-term benefits of exclusive human milk diet in small for gestational age neonates: a systematic review of the literature

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

The Catch Up of Small for Gestational Age: Breast Milk Is It the Best?

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