Cardiometabolic Indices after Weight Loss with Calcium or Dairy Foods: Secondary Analyses from a Randomized Trial with Overweight/Obese Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

The role of dairy foods and calcium/vitamin D supplements in cardiometabolic diseases is unknown. The objective of this secondary analysis is to investigate cardiometabolic risk factors changes after a 6-month weight-loss intervention in overweight/obese postmenopausal women divided in three groups: Ca+vitamin D supplements (S); low-fat dairy foods (D; 4–5 servings/day); or control/placebo pills (C), as complements to hypocaloric diets. The original study focused on bone/body composition. This analysis included blood pressure (BP), and serum triglycerides, lipids (including apoproteins Apo1 and ApoB), adipokines, and C-reactive protein in n = 97 participants who finished with complete data points. Systolic BP decreased 5.1%, 4.8%, and 1.8% in S, D, and C groups, respectively (p < 0.05 for S and D vs. baseline and vs. C at 6 months). Reduction in triglycerides and ratio of total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) was the highest in S, while the reduction in TC and LDL-C was the highest in D group (all p < 0.05). Leptin and ApoB significantly decreased and adiponectin and ApoA1 increased in all groups. In conclusion, although the C group’s participants experienced an improvement in some of the cardiometabolic indices with weight loss, those in the S and D groups showed significantly better results in most of the outcomes, indicating the beneficial effects of low-fat dairy foods and/or Ca+vitamin D intake as complements to a hypocaloric diet.

Nutrition and Physical Activity as Modulators of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Future Research

“…Three of them also evaluated engagement in physical activity or a sedentary lifestyle [ 18 , 19 , 21 ]. In addition, one study was the 6-month randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of weight loss and dairy foods and/or calcium/vitamin D supplements on body composition [ 23 ], followed by the subsequent secondary analysis evaluating the cardiometabolic risk factors as the outcomes of the same intervention [ 24 ]. The only prospective study followed the participants for 5 and 10 years, examining the influence of energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) on body composition and fracture rates [ 25 ].…”

Nutrition and Physical Activity as Modulators of Osteosarcopenic Adiposity: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Future Research

“…The group with calcium/vitamin D supplements showed the best improvements in BMD in several skeletal sites, compared to dairy or control groups [21]. Additionally, the subsequent secondary analysis in these participants (same 6-month intervention) showed improvement in blood pressure and numerous other cardiometabolic risk factors with weight loss in all participants, but significantly better in dairy and/or calcium/vitamin D supplements groups [22] (Table 1). Since evaluation of cardiometabolic outcomes was not a goal of this review, they are not discussed further, but just noted as possible additional benefits to body composition and/or OSA.…”

“…These inconsistencies in literature are due to the lack of universally accepted criteria for OSA identification, as well as to the different methods and technologies used to identify it. A long-time agreement exists for the diagnosis of osteopenia/osteoporosis [41] and the revised consensus for sarcopenia diagnosis [42] but not for osteopenic adiposity, sarcopenic adiposity [43] or even adiposity itself [22]. This is unsettling because the inability to determine prevalence of OSA negatively reflects on its clinical relevance and subsequent treatments and management.…”

“…Three of them also evaluated engagement in physical activity or sedentary lifestyle [16,17,19]. In addition, one study was the 6-month randomized clinical trial investigating the effects of weight loss and dairy foods and/or calcium/vitamin D supplements on body composition [21], followed by the subsequent secondary analysis evaluating the cardiometabolic risk factors as the outcomes of the same intervention [22]. The only prospective study followed the participants for 5 and 10 years examining the influence of energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) on body composition and fracture rates [23].…”

“…The lowest prevalence in women and men (reported as combined) was 6.4% [19]. The studies were conducted on five continents: Europe (Croatia) [14,15], the U.S. [21,22], Asia (South Korea) [13,[16][17][18]20], South America (Brazil) [19] and Australia [23]. See Table 1.…”