Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mechanistic Insight

Abstract

A complex metabolic condition referred to as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and decreased insulin production. Obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and chronic inflammation are just a few of the cardiometabolic illnesses that people with T2DM are more likely to acquire and results in cardiovascular issues. It is essential to comprehend the mechanistic insights into these risk variables in order to prevent and manage cardiovascular problems in T2DM effectively. Impaired glycemic control leads to upregulation of De novo lipogenesis (DNL), promote hepatic triglyceride (TG) synthesis, worsening dyslipidemia that is accompanied by low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high amounts of small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) further developing atherosclerosis. By causing endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation, chronic hyperglycemia worsens already existing cardiometabolic risk factors. Vasoconstriction, inflammation, and platelet aggregation are caused by endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by decreased nitric oxide production, increased release of vasoconstrictors, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules. The loop of IR and endothelial dysfunction is sustained by chronic inflammation fueled by inflammatory mediators produced in adipose tissue. Infiltrating inflammatory cells exacerbate inflammation and the development of plaque in the artery wall. In addition, the combination of chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia, and IR contributes to the emergence of hypertension, a prevalent comorbidity in T2DM. The ability to target therapies and management techniques is made possible by improvements in our knowledge of these mechanistic insights. Aim of present review is to enhance our current understanding of the mechanistic insights into the cardiometabolic risk factors related to T2DM provides important details into the interaction of pathophysiological processes resulting in cardiovascular problems. Understanding these pathways will enable us to create efficient plans for the prevention, detection, and treatment of cardiovascular problems in T2DM patients, ultimately leading to better overall health outcomes.

Inflammatory Hematological Ratios in Adolescents with Mental Disorders: A Scoping Review

“…Finally, there is an obvious research gap in the study of the relationship between IHRs and the metabolic syndrome, which are more prevalent in individuals with mental disorders than in the general population [ 96 , 97 ]. The metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases [ 98 , 99 ], leading to excessive early mortality and significant reduction in life expectancy for patients with mental disorders [ 100 , 101 ]. That is why identifying adolescents with a high metabolic risk is, in our opinion, of great importance due to the potential reversibility of metabolic disturbances in the early stages.…”

Cardiometabolic risk factors in MASLD patients with HCC: the other side of the coin

“…Notably, it has been also reported that T2D and HCC share almost 336 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), including 86 co-methylated DMGs, mainly involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, fatty acid and metabolic pathways, whereas 250 DMGs with a different methylation direction, enriched in the Sphingolipid metabolism and immune signaling, thus corroborating a common pathophysiology between these two diseases ( 106 ). Otherwise, endothelial dysfunction per se is responsible for vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation fueling pro-inflammatory mediators release, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases, fostering a ‘vicious cycle’ ( 107 ). Hence, T2D appears as the common denominator between hepatocarcinogenesis and cardiovascular abnormalities, by predisposing to both advanced lesions, poor outcomes, vascular complications and higher mortality rate ( 108 ).…”

A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes

“…Both T2DM and prediabetes result from insulin resistance, leading to impaired glucose tolerance and chronic hyperglycemia [ 154 , 180 ]. Several studies have shown that during pregnancy, increased maternal serum glucocorticoids (GC), observed in T2DM and maternal stress, may cross the placenta, overwhelming the protective placental barrier [ 11 , 30 ].…”