Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Literature Review

Abstract

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a condition characterized by the intricate two-way relationship between the heart and kidneys, which can lead to acute or chronic dysfunction in these organs. The interplay between cardiorenal connectors and both hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic factors is crucial to understanding this syndrome. The clinical importance of these interactions is evident in the changes observed in hemodynamic factors, neurohormonal markers, and inflammatory processes. Identifying and understanding biomarkers associated with CRS is valuable for early detection and enabling intervention before significant organ dysfunction occurs. This comprehensive review focuses on the clinical significance of biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CRS. Finally, it highlights the necessity for further advancements in managing this condition.

Cardiac damage following renal ischemia reperfusion injury increased with excessive consumption of high fat diet but enhanced the cardiac resistance to reperfusion stress in rat

“…Accordingly, we found that renal sham surgery of 45 min did not cause any significant deterioration in the cardiac physiological function (measured via LVDP, LVEDP, and RPP) or inflict any significant tissue injury (measured via histopathology, TUNEL, and cardiac injury markers). In general, cardio renal mediators that initiate the cross-talk between the heart and kidney can cause organ dysfunction [ 46 ]. One of these mediators is metabolites’ altered products that may intensify with stress factors like surgery [ 5 ].…”

Association Between Depression and Anxiety Status With Uptake of Colorectal Cancer Screening Among US Adults: A Population-Level Study

“…The survey design also made it challenging to assess other potentially relevant factors, such as the severity of mental disorders [ 28 ], specific types of mental disorders, and the use of psychotropic medications [ 29 ], which may confound the study outcomes. Furthermore, the data was limited to individuals residing in households and able to respond to survey questions, which limits the generalizability of the findings to individuals experiencing homelessness, who are at higher risk of mental disorders and have limited access to mental healthcare services [ 30 - 34 ]. Prospective studies should consider longitudinal datasets, employ objective measures, examine the experiences of individuals with mental conditions in psychiatric treatment settings, and explore the impact of knowledge on psychosocial factors affecting CRC screening participation, particularly within specific populations.…”

Does cardiac impairment develop in ischemic renal surgery in rats depending on the reperfusion time?

“…Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a predominant renal problem often treated by surgical and non-surgical methods where the outcome of surgical procedures negatively influences the other organs including the brain, lung, heart and liver [ 2 , 3 ]. Many studies have reported the complex interaction between the heart and kidney in various pathological conditions, which often leads to cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), which can manifest in dual organ dysfunction [ [4] , [5] , [6] ] [ [4] , [5] , [6] ] [ [4] , [5] , [6] ]. Incidentally, cardiac events such as heart attacks, heart failure and heart rhythm disorders were reported in association with different renal surgery [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…It is characterized by transient obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys, with inadequate local blood supply [ 8 , 10 ]. Even though the focus of such surgical interventions is primarily aimed to restore renal function, recent evidence suggests that these procedures may have broader implications on distant organs, particularly the heart (CRS type 3) [ 4 , 6 ]. However, the limited information available in this direction indicates that cardiac patients who experienced AKI are two times more likely to get admitted to the hospital for heart failure within 1.4 years.…”