Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses During Forward and Backward Walking

Chaloupka, Edward C.; Kang, Jie; Mastrangelo, Mario; Donnelly, M. S.

doi:10.2519/jospt.1997.25.5.302

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…During BW, these subjects exercised at 60% peak VO 2max and 80% of HR max . Finally, Chaloupka et al 6 reported BW percent VO 2max of 40% and 55% along with BW percent HR max of 67% and 77% for 0% and 5% grades, respectively. In comparison, the present study reports percent VO 2max of 52%, 58%, and 66% and percent HR max of 73%, 79%, and 85% during BW as the treadmill grade increased from 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 These characteristics have led some researchers to suggest BW for the rehabilitation of knee injuries such as patellofemoral pain and infrapatellar tendonitis, as well as after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. 3,11 A 10% treadmill grade may be a realistic upper limit for the use of BW during rehabilitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,18 More recently, investigators have studied the cardiovascular and metabolic costs of BW. 6,8,12,17 Backward walking has been used as component of rehabilitation programs for many lower-extremity injuries and for injury prevention. 11 Flynn and Soutas-Little 14 reported that backward running could decrease patellofemoral joint reaction forces and decrease eccentric loading of the patellar tendon, decreases that may prove beneficial in treating patients with patellofemoral dysfunction.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) have been shown to be higher during BW than FW at a 0% treadmill grade, 8,17 and similar relationships have been reported for treadmill grades of 1% and 5%. 6,12 According to the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, 1 exercise needs to be maintained at an intensity of 50% to 85% maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) or 60% to 90% maximum heart rate (HR max ) to sustain or improve cardiovascular fitness. The ability of BW to achieve these levels of cardiovascular activity at a slower speed and lower grade, as compared to FW, could decrease injury potential for people undergoing rehabilitation of knee injuries.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

Hooper¹,

Dunn²,

Props³

et al. 2004

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: Single-group repeated-measures design. Objectives: To compare the effects of forward walking (FW) and backward walking (BW) on heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) at treadmill grades of 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Background: Previous studies of locomotion by humans on a treadmill have reported larger cardiovascular exertion and potential biomechanical benefits of BW as compared to FW for treadmill grades ranging from 0% to 5%. The present study extends these findings by examining the cardiovascular effects of BW and FW at treadmill grades greater than 5%. Methods and Measures: Twenty-nine volunteers participated in this study. Two subjects were excluded, leaving 27 study subjects (15 females, 12 males; mean age ± SD, 24.0 ± 3.4 years). VO 2 and HR were measured using open-circuit calorimetry and electrocardiogram, respectively. For both forward and backward walking, subjects performed each of the 3 grades for 6 minutes, during which HR and VO 2 were measured. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were employed for inferential statistical analysis. Results: Percent maximum heart rate (HR max ) and percent maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) increased incrementally for treadmill grades of 5% to 7.5% to 10% for both FW and BW (PϽ.00001). For each of the 3 treadmill grades, percent HR max and percent VO 2max was 17% to 20% higher for BW than for FW (PϽ.00001). No statistically significant interactions were detected between direction of walking and treadmill grade. Conclusions: Backward walking on a treadmill at 67.0 m/min (2.5 mph) and grades of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% elicits a greater percent HR max and percent VO 2max than does forward walking under the same conditions and, if incorporated into sustained training regimens, would be expected to improve aerobic endurance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34:65-71.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

Hooper¹,

Dunn²,

Props³

et al. 2004

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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“…이러한 피로는 자신의 동작 수행 능력뿐만 아니 라, 다른 기능들에게까지 영향을 준다 (Mizrahi, 2015;Mizrahi, Voloshin, Russek, Verbitsky, & Isakov, 1997). Yoshino, Motoshige, Araki과 Matsuoka(2004) (Chaloupka, Kang, Mastrangelo, & Donnelly, 1997;Pandy & Andriacchi, 2010;Radin & Rose, 1986;moon, 2004). (Figure 3).…”

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Effects of Loading on Biomechanical Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle and Approximate Entropy during Continuous Stair Walking

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Ozkaya³

et al. 2015

Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics

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Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of gait patterns and muscle activations with increased loads during stair walking. Also, it can be used as descriptive data about continuous stair walking in a real life setting. Method : Twelve sedentary young male adults(Age: 27.0±1.8 yrs, Weight: 65.8±9.9 kg) without any lower extremity injuries participated in this study. Participants performed stair walking up 7 floors and their ascending and descending motion on each floor was analyzed. A wireless electromyography(EMG) were attached on the Rectus Femoris(RF), Biceps Femoris(BF), Gastrocnemius(GN), Tibialis Anterior(TA) muscle to calculate integrated EMG(iEMG), median frequency(MDF) and co-contraction index(CI). Chest and left heel accelerometer signal were recorded by wireless accelerometer and those were used to calculate approximate entropy(ApEn) for analyzing gait pattern. All analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 and for repeated measured ANOVA and Post-hoc was LSD. Results : During ascending stairs, there were a statistically significant difference in Walking time between 1-2nd and other floors(p=.000), GN iEMG between 2-3th and 6-7th(p=.043) floor, TA MDF between 1-2nd and 5-6th(p=.030), 6-7th(p=.015) floor and TA/GN CI between 2-3th and 6-7th(p=.038) floor and ApEn between 1-2nd and 6-7th(x: p=.003, y: p=.005, z: p=.006) floor. During descending stairs, there were a statistically significant difference in TA iEMG between the 6-5th and 3-2nd(p=.026) floor, and for the ApEn between the 1-2nd and 6-7th(x: p=.037, y: p=.000, z: p=.000) floor.Conclusion : Subjects showed more regular pattern and muscle activation response caused by regularity during ascending stairs. Regularity during the first part of stair-descending could be a sign of adaptation; however, complexity during the second part could be a strategy to decrease the impact.

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Muscle activity and heart rate response during backward walking in water and on dry land

et al. 2004

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The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether walking backward in water and walking backward on dry land elicit different electromyographic (EMG) activities in lower-extremity and trunk muscles. Surface EMG was used to evaluate muscle activities while six healthy subjects walked backward in water (with and without a water current, Water + Cur and Water - Cur, respectively) immersed to the level of the xiphoid process, and while they walked backward on dry land (DL). The trials in water utilized the Flowmill which consists of a treadmill at the base of a water flume. Integrated EMG analysis allowed the quantification of muscle activities. The measurement of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of each muscle was made prior to the gait analysis, and all data were expressed as the mean (SD). The %MVCs from the muscles tested while walking backward in water (both with and without a current) were all significantly lower than those obtained while walking backward on dry land (P < 0.05), with the exception of the paraspinal muscles. In the case of the paraspinal muscles, the %MVC while walking backward with a water current was significantly greater than when walking backward on dry land [Water + Cur 19.4 (6.8)%MVC vs. DL 13.1 (1.4)%MVC; P < 0.05], or walking backward without a water current [vs. Water - Cur 13.3 (1.8)%MVC; P < 0.05]. Furthermore, when walking backward in water, the %MVCs from the muscles investigated were significantly greater in the presence of a water current than without (P < 0.05). In conclusion, walking backward in water with a current elicits the greatest muscle activation of the paraspinal muscles. These data may help in the development of water-based exercise programs.

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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses During Forward and Backward Walking

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

The Effects of Graded Forward and Backward Walking on Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

Effects of Loading on Biomechanical Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle and Approximate Entropy during Continuous Stair Walking

Muscle activity and heart rate response during backward walking in water and on dry land

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