Cardiorespiratory Coordination after Training and Detraining. A Principal Component Analysis Approach

Balagué, Natàlia; González, Julián; Javierre, Casimiro; Hristovski, Robert; Aragonés, Daniel; Álamo, Juan; Niño, Oscar; Ventura, Josep L.

doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00035

Cited by 33 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Similar studies of CRC during exercise (Balagué et al, 2016) have reported medium and large effect sizes. Thus, using an effect size of d = 0.7, α < 0.05, power (1—β) = 0.80, we estimated a sample size = 15.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 61%

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Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Repeated Maximal Exercise

et al. 2017

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Increases in cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC) after training with no differences in performance and physiological variables have recently been reported using a principal component analysis approach. However, no research has yet evaluated the short-term effects of exercise on CRC. The aim of this study was to delineate the behavior of CRC under different physiological initial conditions produced by repeated maximal exercises. Fifteen participants performed 2 consecutive graded and maximal cycling tests. Test 1 was performed without any previous exercise, and Test 2 6 min after Test 1. Both tests started at 0 W and the workload was increased by 25 W/min in males and 20 W/min in females, until they were not able to maintain the prescribed cycling frequency of 70 rpm for more than 5 consecutive seconds. A principal component (PC) analysis of selected cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variables (expired fraction of O2, expired fraction of CO2, ventilation, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) was performed to evaluate the CRC defined by the number of PCs in both tests. In order to quantify the degree of coordination, the information entropy was calculated and the eigenvalues of the first PC (PC1) were compared between tests. Although no significant differences were found between the tests with respect to the performed maximal workload (Wmax), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), or ventilatory threshold (VT), an increase in the number of PCs and/or a decrease of eigenvalues of PC1 (t = 2.95; p = 0.01; d = 1.08) was found in Test 2 compared to Test 1. Moreover, entropy was significantly higher (Z = 2.33; p = 0.02; d = 1.43) in the last test. In conclusion, despite the fact that no significant differences were observed in the conventionally explored maximal performance and physiological variables (Wmax, VO2 max, and VT) between tests, a reduction of CRC was observed in Test 2. These results emphasize the interest of CRC evaluation in the assessment and interpretation of cardiorespiratory exercise testing.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Other commonly registered variables in cardiorespiratory testing, such as respiratory equivalents, respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen pulse, oxygen consumption, etc., were excluded from the analysis due to their known deterministic mathematical relation with the aforementioned variables (Balagué et al, 2016). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Repeated Maximal Exercise

et al. 2017

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“…Our idea for future studies is to design experimental work that can identify in advance responders and non-responders with the aim of creating a pre-training schedule that can be modified to help non-responders improve their performance. In this sense, incorporating complex system approaches, such as those reported by Balagué et al (2016) and Garcia-Retortillo et al (2017) on cardiorespiratory coordination, will be of great value in assessing a strategic research framework for individual training prescriptions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-Individual Different Responses to Continuous and Interval Training in Recreational Middle-Aged Women Runners

et al. 2020

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A crucial subject in sports is identifying the inter-individual variation in response to training, which would allow creating individualized pre-training schedules, improving runner's performance. We aimed to analyze heterogeneity in individual responses to two half-marathon training programs differing in running volume and intensity in middleaged recreational women. 20 women (40 ± 7 years, 61 ± 7 kg, 167 ± 6 cm, and VO 2 max = 48 ± 6 mL•kg −1 •min −1) underwent either moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) or high-intensity interval (HIIT) 12-week training. They were evaluated before and after training with maximal incremental tests in the laboratory (VO 2 max) and in the field (time to exhaustion, TTE; short interval series and long run). All the women participated in the same half-marathon and their finishing times were compared with their previous times. Although the improvements in the mean finishing times were not significant, MICT elicited a greater reduction (3 min 50 s, P = 0.298), with more women (70%) improving on their previous times, than HIIT (reduction of 2 min 34 s, P = 0.197, 50% responders). Laboratory tests showed more differences in the HIIT group (P = 0.008), while both groups presented homogeneous significant (P < 0.05) increases in TTE. Both in the short interval series and in the long run, HIIT induced better individual improvements, with a greater percentage of responders compared to MICT (100% vs 50% in the short series and 78% vs 38% in the long run). In conclusion, variability in interindividual responses was observed after both MICT and HIIT, with some participants showing improvements (responders) while others did not (non-responders) in different performance parameters, reinforcing the idea that individualized training prescription is needed to optimize performance.

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“…PCA has been used in the past three decades as an efficient method of defining the essential, i.e., collective, variables in a range of complex dynamical processes such as protein folding (Matsunaga et al, 2007 ; Hayward and De Groot, 2008 ; Maisuradze et al, 2009 ) and brain dynamics (Jirsa et al, 2002 ). In sport science, PCA has allowed identifying the performance of an interpersonal precision task (Ramenzoni et al, 2012 ) to determine the impact of different training programs on cardio-respiratory coordination (Balagué et al, 2016 ), and to identify different dancing coordination patterns depending on concrete task constraints (Bronner and Shippen, 2015 ; Torrents et al, 2015 ). In soccer, PCA has been applied to capture player positional patterns and their variability (Barros et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft-Assembled Multilevel Dynamics of Tactical Behaviors in Soccer

et al. 2016

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This study aimed to identify the tactical patterns and the timescales of variables during a soccer match, allowing understanding the multilevel organization of tactical behaviors, and to determine the similarity of patterns performed by different groups of teammates during the first and second halves. Positional data from 20 professional male soccer players from the same team were collected using high frequency global positioning systems (5 Hz). Twenty-nine categories of tactical behaviors were determined from eight positioning-derived variables creating multivariate binary (Boolean) time-series matrices. Hierarchical principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the multilevel structure of tactical behaviors. The sequential reduction of each set level of principal components revealed a sole principal component as the slowest collective variable, forming the global basin of attraction of tactical patterns during each half of the match. In addition, the mean dwell time of each positioning-derived variable helped to understand the multilevel organization of collective tactical behavior during a soccer match. This approach warrants further investigations to analyze the influence of task constraints on the emergence of tactical behavior. Furthermore, PCA can help coaches to design representative training tasks according to those tactical patterns captured during match competitions and to compare them depending on situational variables.

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Cardiorespiratory Coordination after Training and Detraining. A Principal Component Analysis Approach

Cited by 33 publications

References 27 publications

Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Repeated Maximal Exercise

Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Repeated Maximal Exercise

Inter-Individual Different Responses to Continuous and Interval Training in Recreational Middle-Aged Women Runners

Soft-Assembled Multilevel Dynamics of Tactical Behaviors in Soccer

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