Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Exercise Training in African Americans

Swift, Damon L.; Johannsen, Neil M.; Earnest, Conrad P.; Newton, Robert L.; McGee, Joshua E.; Church, Timothy S.

doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2017.06.001

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The finding of lower CRF in AAM versus CM corroborated prior studies [26] [27]. There are many possible explanations for lower CRF in African Americans versus Caucasians, including reduced muscle oxidative capacity as African Americans have been found to possess more glycolytic versus oxidative muscle fiber [28], reduced ability to transport oxygen, and reduced levels of physical activity [29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Normotensive African-American Men

Latchman¹,

Gates²,

Thiel³

et al. 2019

OJMIP

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Purpose: African-American men (AAM) have a greater risk of hypertension (HTN) than Caucasian men (CM). To reduce this risk, determining the differences in mechanisms involved in HTN and understanding the relationship between these mechanisms and factors affecting blood pressure (BP) in AAM and CM is necessary. One such mechanism is spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS) and two factors are cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and arterial stiffness (AS). The aims of this study were to determine, firstly, whether there are differences in sBRS between young, normotensive AAM and CM, and secondly, to determine if CRF and AS are significant predictors of sBRS in young, normotensive AAM and CM. Methods: Twenty-three normotensive AAM and 36 CM were recruited from Southern Connecticut State University. Measures included anthropometric, sBRS (alpha-index), and CRF (maximal oxygen consumption [VO 2max ]), as well as AS (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity [Cf-PWV]). Independent t-tests were used to determine differences between groups and multiple regression analysis was used to determine how much of the variation in sBRS was explained by CRF and AS. Results: The sBRS was significantly lower in AAM (10.3 ± 3.8 ms/mmHg) vs. CM (13.3 ± 5.7 ms/ mmHg), P = 0.03. CRF and AS were not significant predictors of sBRS in AAM (P = 0.25) and CM (P = 0.30). There was no relationship between, sBRS, CRF and AS; CRF was significantly reduced in AAM vs. CM (45.1 ± 6.3 vs. 52.1 ± 7.5 mL•kg −1 •min −1 , P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Young normotensive AAM demonstrated significantly lower sBRS vs. CM, irrespective of having fair CRF and normal BP.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Normotensive African-American Men

Latchman¹,

Gates²,

Thiel³

et al. 2019

OJMIP

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“…Issue on Physical Activity, Exercise and Fitness in CV Diseases (CVD), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13), and other highly cited papers in 2017. (14,15).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuing with Good Statistics at Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Lavie

2019

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

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“…Data examining CAs suggest high-intensity aerobic training results in greater improvements in CRF, insulin action, and arterial stiffness compared to moderate [26,38,39]. Thus, high-intensity exercise may improve the low-CRF, stiffened-artery, and insulin-resistant disposition observed in obese AAs more readily due to greater shear rates in the vasculature, recruitment of type-II fibers, and greater energy expenditure rates than moderate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Categorically-defined "low CRF" is associated with the greatest risk of T2D and a greater proportion of AAs have "low CRF" than CAs [8,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Higher intensities of aerobic exercise show promise in eliciting a larger magnitude of improvement in insulin sensitivity, compared to moderate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, arterial stiffness, another racial disparity identified in AAs, has shown a greater decline from highintensity exercise than moderate [28][29][30]. An additional contributor to the T2D racial disparities is the lower oxidative characteristics and subsequent reduced insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle in AAs compared to CAs [13,26,[31][32][33]. AAs tend to have a greater proportion of type-II muscle fibers (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-intensity exercise to promote accelerated improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (HI-PACE): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

McGee

Barefoot

Gniewek

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background African Americans have a disproportionate prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes compared to Caucasians. Recent evidence indicates low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level, an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, is also more prevalent in African Americans than Caucasians. Numerous studies in Caucasian populations suggest vigorous exercise intensity may promote greater improvements in CRF and other type 2 diabetes risk factors (e.g. reduction of glucose/insulin levels, pulse wave velocity, body fat, etc.) than moderate intensity. However, current evidence comparing health benefits of different aerobic exercise intensities on type 2 diabetes risk factors in African Americans is negligible. This is clinically important as African Americans have a greater risk for type 2 diabetes and are less likely to meet public health recommendations for physical activity than Caucasians. The purpose of the High-Intensity exercise to Promote Accelerated improvements in CardiorEspiratory fitness (HI-PACE) study is to evaluate whether high-intensity aerobic exercise elicits greater improvements in CRF, insulin action, and arterial stiffness than moderate-intensity exercise in African Americans. Methods/Design A randomized controlled trial will be performed on overweight and obese (body mass index: 25-45 kg/m2) African Americans (35-65 years) (n=60). Participants will be randomized to moderate-intensity (MOD-INT) or high-intensity (HIGH-INT) aerobic exercise training, or a non-exercise control group (CON) for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise will be performed at a heart rate associated with 45-55% and 70-80% of VO2 max in the MOD-INT and the HIGH-INT groups, respectively, for an exercise dose of 600 MET-minutes/week (consistent with public health recommendations). The primary outcome is change in CRF. Secondary outcomes include change in insulin sensitivity (measured via an intravenous glucose tolerance test), skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (via near infrared spectroscopy), skeletal muscle measurements (i.e. citrate synthase, COX IV, GLUT-4, CPT-1, PGC1-α), arterial stiffness (via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity), body fat, C-reactive protein, and psychological outcomes (quality of life/exercise enjoyment). Discussion The anticipated results of the HI-PACE study will provide vital information on the health effects of high-intensity exercise in African Americans. This study will advance health disparity research and has the potential to influence future public health guidelines for physical activity.

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Exercise Training in African Americans

Cited by 24 publications

References 55 publications

Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Normotensive African-American Men

Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Normotensive African-American Men

Continuing with Good Statistics at Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

High-intensity exercise to promote accelerated improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (HI-PACE): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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