Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

Hassinen, Maija; Lakka, Timo A.; Hakola, Leena; Savonen, Kai; Komulainen, Pirjo; Litmanen, Hannu; Kiviniemi, Vesa; Kouki, R.; Heikkilä, H; Rauramaa, Rainer

doi:10.2337/dc10-0124

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Based on the baseline and 2-year follow-up data of the same study, those who were in the highest tertile of baseline VO 2max were 68% less likely to develop MS than those in the lowest tertile [26]. To check whether CRF contributes to the risk of MS independently of PA, PA was further adjusted and the association between CRF and MS remained significant, with subjects who were fit had 69% lower risk of MS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and obesity with metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese midlife women

Yau

et al. 2013

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundSeveral studies have simultaneously examined physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the independent roles of both PA and CRF with MS are less firmly established. The combined contributions of PA and CRF with MS are less studied, particularly among Chinese women. There is uncertainty over the extent to which metabolically healthy but overweight/obese individuals have a higher CRF level.MethodsThe sample included 184 Chinese women aged 55 to 69 years with available metabolic data and lifestyle factors. PA was assessed by self-reported questionnaire; CRF was assessed by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during a symptom-limited maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Metabolically healthy/abnormal was defined on the basis of absence or presence of MS. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 23 kg/m2 and obese was defined as a BMI of ≥ 25 kg/m2.ResultsThe prevalence of MS was 21.7%. PA was inversely associated with the prevalence of MS after adjustment for age, BMI, and dietary total calories intake, but the association was eliminated after further adjustment for CRF. CRF was inversely associated with the prevalence of MS independent of age, BMI, and dietary total calories intake, and the association remained significant after further adjustment for PA. In the PA and CRF combined analysis, compared with those in the lowest tertile of PA (inactive) and lowest tertile of CRF (unfit), the OR (95%CI) of having MS was 0.31 (0.09–1.06) for subjects in the higher tertiles (2nd–3rd) of PA (active) but were unfit, 0.23 (0.06–0.88) for subjects who were inactive but in the higher tertiles (2nd–3rd) of CRF (fit), and 0.14 (0.04–0.45) for subjects who were active and fit. Metabolically healthy but overweight/obese subjects had a higher CRF level than their metabolically abnormal and overweight/obese peers. However, the difference did not reach statistically significance.ConclusionsCRF has greater association with the prevalence of MS compared with PA in Chinese midlife women. The interrelationships between CRF, obesity, and MS needs further study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and obesity with metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese midlife women

Yau

et al. 2013

BMC Public Health

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“…We directly measured peak oxygen uptake for CRF using gas analysis, which is the most objective measure of CRF. In the Dose Responses to Exercise Training Study (Hassinen et al, 2010), older individuals with the highest VO 2 max assessed by gas analysis were less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest VO 2 max . Also, Laaksonen et al (2002) reported that fit men were 75% less likely than unfit men to develop the metabolic syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several prospective studies have shown a relationship between lower CRF and higher incidence of metabolic syndrome independent of other risk factors in Western countries (Laaksonen et al, 2002;LaMonte et al, 2005;Hassinen et al, 2010). However, there is little evidence on the relationship between CRF as directly measured by peak oxygen uptake and incident metabolic syndrome in Asian countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean men

Jae

Heffernan

Kim

et al. 2013

Annals of Human Biology

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This study investigated the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with incident metabolic syndrome in 810 middle aged Korean men. All subjects were free of metabolic syndrome at baseline examination. The metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP criteria and CRF was directly measured by peak oxygen uptake during a treadmill test. During an average of 3.3 years of follow-up, 155 (19.1%) men developed the metabolic syndrome. The incidence of metabolic syndrome was inversely associated with CRF quartiles (p < 0.05). The relative risk (RR) of incident metabolic syndrome in the lowest CRF quartile vs the highest CRF quartile was 1.67 (95% CI = 1.07-2.60) after adjustment for covariates. Each metabolic equivalent (MET) increment in peak oxygen consumption was associated with a 17% (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73-0.94) lower incidence of metabolic syndrome. These results demonstrate that cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome independent of covariates in middle aged Korean men.

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“…A recent study demonstrated that higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness protect against MS in older individuals [26]. Kumagai et al [27] reported a high degree of cardiorespiratory fitness positively contributed to the low prevalence of MS in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 DM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of normobaric hypoxia on cardiorespiratory and metabolic risk markers in healthy subjects

Shi¹,

Watanabe²,

Shin³

et al. 2013

ABB

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The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of hypoxic physical exercise on metabolic risk markers and to compare the effects on maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), arterial stiffness, and several blood parameters to a control group training under normoxic conditions. Eight healthy men were examined. Each participant performed exercise at a heart rate (HR) corresponding to 60% of the HR at VO 2max on a treadmill device for 50 min (including 5 min warm-up and 5 min cool-down) after 30 min rest, on 3 days per week, for 4 weeks, in either normobaric hypoxia or normobaric normoxia. Each participant performed the exercise program under both environmental conditions with a wash-out period of 4 months. Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity after training was significantly lower in the hypoxic group than in the normoxic group (P = 0.02). The VO 2max in the hypoxic group was significantly higher after than before training (P = 0.04). Our results suggest that hypoxic training may more effectively reduce arterial stiffness and improve cardiorespiratory function compared with training performed at the same relative exercise intensity under normoxic conditions.

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and obesity with metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese midlife women

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and obesity with metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese midlife women

Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean men

Effect of normobaric hypoxia on cardiorespiratory and metabolic risk markers in healthy subjects

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