Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and on dry land

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses obtained during the stationary running in aquatic and dry land environments. Twelve women took part in the experimental protocol. Stationary running was performed for 4 min at three submaximal cadences and for 15 s at maximal velocity, with the collection of kinematic (peak hip angular velocity (AV)), cardiorespiratory (oxygen uptake (VO(2))) and neuromuscular variables (electromyographic (EMG) signal from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and short head of the biceps femoris (BF) muscles) in land-based and water-based test protocols. Factorial ANOVA was used, with an alpha level of 0.05. AV was significantly higher when the exercise was performed on land, and became significantly higher as the execution cadence increased. Similarly, VO(2) was significantly higher in the land-based exercise and rose as cadence increased. With the increase in the submaximal execution cadences, there was no corresponding increase in the EMG signal from the VL, BF, RF and ST muscles in either environment, though such a significantly increase was seen between the submaximal cadences and the maximal velocity. Dry land presented significantly greater EMG signal responses for all muscles at the submaximal cadences, except for the ST muscle. However, at the maximal velocity, all the analyzed muscle groups showed similar responses in both environments. In summary, for both environments, cardiorespiratory responses can be maximized by increasing the submaximal cadences, while neuromuscular responses are only optimized by using maximal velocity.

Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment

“…Drag efficiency (η d ) only requires measures of drag and energy expenditure [Eq. (6)] which are easily made and thus η d values are likely valid. This is the case even if the methods currently used to estimate drag (active and/or passive) are controversial, they reliably show that less than 10% of the subject's metabolic power can be transformed into mechanical power output (η d = 0.03-0.09) in the aquatic environment (e.g., 169,300,387,438).…”

Effect of Gender, Cadence, and Water Immersion on Ground Reaction Forces During Stationary Running

“…1,2,6 However, these studies have only focused on physiological parameters such as heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and oxygen uptake. Therefore, there is a lack of biomechanical data regarding the execution of this exercise.…”

“…The physiological responses, such as rating of perceived effort, heart rate, and peak oxygen uptake, are also higher during stationary running on dry land compared to hip-and chestlevel immersion. 2,3 During rehabilitation of an orthopaedic injury such as ankle sprains, lowerlimb fractures, and osteoarthritis, 21,22,33,47 it is commonly required to control weight bearing when initiating activities with the patient. To ascertain that stationary running will be safe for the patient, the confidence interval must be considered.…”

Respostas cardiorrespiratórias máximas e no limiar anaeróbio da corrida em piscina funda

“…For these latter sessions, the participants were asked not to eat in the three hours prior to the test and not to consume stimulants. In addition, they were asked to not practice heavy physical exercise 12 hours prior to tests 17 .…”