Cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in dogs

Comparison of medetomidine—morphine and medetomidine—methadone for sedation, isoflurane requirement and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing laparoscopy

“…However, intense sedation was recorded in more dogs administered methadone than morphine. When combined with intramuscular dexmedetomidine (10 lg kg À1 ), 0.5 mg kg À1 of either methadone or morphine provided greater sedation than when dexmedetomidine was administered alone, but no difference was observed between the groups (Cardoso et al 2014). In agreement with those findings, in the present study, sedation scores increased after opioid administration (at time point T2) but no difference was observed between treatments.…”

Evaluation of three chemical immobilization protocols in golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) undergoing vasectomy surgery

“…In the present study, despite using a thermal blanket to maintain the body temperature, there was a significant reduction in the long‐term values in groups SKD and KD, but the maximum difference seen between the base values and the lowest value was not over 0.9°C. Other authors also observed a significant decrease of RT throughout the procedure when using dexmedetomidine . It is known that alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists act directly in the hypothalamus, affecting thermoregulation .…”

Behavioral and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol, methadone, morphine or tramadol in conscious sheep

“…Advantages of α 2 ‐agonists include potent, predictable sedation (Cardoso et al. ), analgesia, reduced anesthetic requirement, and reversibility (Murrell & Hellebrekers ).…”

“…The administration of dexmedetomidine with opioids to dogs (Cardoso et al. ), and of xylazine with opioids to sheep (de Carvalho et al. ), improves sedation when compared with administration of the α 2 ‐agonist alone.…”