Cardiotonic Steroids—A Possible Link Between High-Salt Diet and Organ Damage

Paczula, Aneta; Wiȩcek, Andrzej; Piecha, Grzegorz

doi:10.3390/ijms20030590

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Elevated vascular resistance results in damaged endothelium (release free radicals/reactive oxygen species (ROS) and trigger inflammation) and leads to arterial stiffness (loss arterial elasticity) and eventually HT [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Moreover, MBG acts as a vasoconstrictor and thereby elevates BP and also impairs RAAS and increases extracellular fluid (ECF) volume (elevated cardiac output and vascular resistance), which in turn alters the glomerular and vascular hemodynamics, and subsequently increases the blood pressure and results in HT [ 2 , 25 ]. Figure 2 depicts the brief mechanism underpinning sodium or dietary salt (NaCl) induced HT through altering RAAS, cardiac output, and endothelial function (adopted from Chiu et al [ 22 ]).…”

Section: Relationship With Different Minerals With Htmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Micronutrients on Hypertension: Evidence from Clinical Trials with a Special Focus on Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Hypertension (HT) is one of the pivotal risk factors for various detrimental diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cerebrovascular disease, and renal dysfunction. Currently, many researchers are paying immense attention to various diet formula (dietary approach) with a special focus on micro and macronutrients along with modified lifestyle and standard anti-hypertensive drugs. Micronutrients (minerals/vitamins) play a central role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) as they aid the function of macronutrients and also improve the anti-hypertensive functions of some anti-hypertensive agents. Even though several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of micronutrients on controlling BP, still some ambiguity exists among the nutritionists/doctors, which combination or individual mineral (dietary approach) contributes to better BP regulation. Therefore, this critical review article was attempted to delineate the underlying role of micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) for the management and prevention or delaying of HT and their related complications with strong affirmation from clinical trials as well as its mechanism of controlling BP. Moreover, the major source and recommended daily allowance (RDA) of various micronutrients are included in this review for guiding common readers (especially HT subjects) and dieticians to choose/recommend a better micronutrient and their combinations (other nutrients and standard anti-hypertensive drugs) for lowering the risk of HT and its related co-morbid conditions like CVDs.

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Section: Relationship With Different Minerals With Htmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Micronutrients on Hypertension: Evidence from Clinical Trials with a Special Focus on Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Several pathways and mechanisms have been described to unravel molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis [15,48,[158][159][160]. Elevated levels of circulating CTS potentially contribute to disease progression, such as in various chronic inflammatory conditions like obesity, hypertension, NASH, cardiovascular disease, and further stimulate the proinflammatory and profibrotic response [91][92][93]99,102,[161][162][163][164]. Numerous studies have examined the role of the Na/K-ATPase ascribed by the scaffolding and signaling function in mediating organ fibrosis [91,101,165].…”

Section: Cardiotonic Steroids Mediated Na/k-atpase Signaling and Fibrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating Potential Profibrotic Mechanisms of Emerging Biomarkers for Early Prognosis of Hepatic Fibrosis

Zehra

Curry

Pillai

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Hepatic fibrosis has been associated with a series of pathophysiological processes causing excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Several cellular processes and molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the diseased liver that augments fibrogenesis, fibrogenic cytokines and associated liver complications. Liver biopsy remains an essential diagnostic tool for histological evaluation of hepatic fibrosis to establish a prognosis. In addition to being invasive, this methodology presents with several limitations including poor cost-effectiveness, prolonged hospitalizations, and risks of peritoneal bleeding, while the clinical use of this method does not reveal underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Several alternate noninvasive diagnostic strategies have been developed, to determine the extent of hepatic fibrosis, including the use of direct and indirect biomarkers. Immediate diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis by noninvasive means would be more palatable than a biopsy and could assist clinicians in taking early interventions timely, avoiding fatal complications, and improving prognosis. Therefore, we sought to review some common biomarkers of liver fibrosis along with some emerging candidates, including the oxidative stress-mediated biomarkers, epigenetic and genetic markers, exosomes, and miRNAs that needs further evaluation and would have better sensitivity and specificity. We also aim to elucidate the potential role of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) and evaluate the pro-inflammatory and profibrotic effects of CTS in exacerbating hepatic fibrosis. By understanding the underlying pathogenic processes, the efficacy of these biomarkers could allow for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, once validated.

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“…The absorption of salt from the alimentary tract leads to a sudden shift of sodium (from the intestines) and water (from both the intestines and extravascular space) to the intravascular space as well as an increase in plasma osmolality. 10,11 The intravascular mobilization of fluid translates into an increased plasma volume. The additional amount of plasma requires extra intravascular space, which leads to the reduction of SVR and more effective cardiac function reflected by an increased HR.…”

Section: How To Citementioning

confidence: 99%

Acute hemodynamic effects of salted potato chips in healthy people

Krauze

Liberkowska

Adamska

et al. 2019

Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

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Cardiotonic Steroids—A Possible Link Between High-Salt Diet and Organ Damage

Abstract: High dietary salt intake has been listed among the top ten risk factors for disability-adjusted life years. We discuss the role of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in mediating the dietary salt-induced hypertension and organ damage.

Cited by 16 publications

References 60 publications

Impact of Micronutrients on Hypertension: Evidence from Clinical Trials with a Special Focus on Meta-Analysis

Impact of Micronutrients on Hypertension: Evidence from Clinical Trials with a Special Focus on Meta-Analysis

Elucidating Potential Profibrotic Mechanisms of Emerging Biomarkers for Early Prognosis of Hepatic Fibrosis

Acute hemodynamic effects of salted potato chips in healthy people

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