Cardiovascular and thermal responses to SCUBA diving

Doubt, T. J.

doi:10.1097/00005768-199605000-00007

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…During the Static dive, the body temperatures, heart rate and oxygen consumption remained unchanged, reflecting an absence of significant thermal strain [35]. In contrast, finning increased oxygen consumption and heart rate, and the values were consistent with other indicators of increased energy expenditure and heart rate in these conditions [3,10,42,51]. The increase in oxygen consumption during finning was to be expected and was related to the increase in body temperature [7].…”

Section: Energetics and Thermal Strainsupporting

confidence: 52%

Alterations in Body Fluid Balance During Fin Swimming in 29°C Water in a Population of Special Forces Divers

Castagna¹,

Desruelle²,

Blatteau

et al. 2015

Int J Sports Med

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Highly trained "combat swimmers" encounter physiological difficulties when performing missions in warm water. The aim of this study was to assess the respective roles of immersion and physical activity in perturbing fluid balance of military divers on duty in warm water. 12 trained divers performed 2 dives each (2 h, 3 m depth) in fresh water at 29 °C. Divers either remained Static or swam continuously (Fin) during the dive. In the Fin condition, oxygen consumption and heart rate were 2-fold greater than during the Static dive. Core and skin temperatures were also higher (Fin: 38.5±0.4 °C and 36.2±0.3 °C and Static: 37.2±0.3 °C and 34.3±0.3 °C; respectively p=0.0002 and p=0.0003). During the Fin dive, the average mass loss was 989 g (39% urine loss, 41% sweating and 20% insensible water loss and blood sampling); Static divers lost 720 g (84% urine loss, 2% sweating and 14% insensible water loss and blood sampling) (p=0.003). In the Fin condition, a greater decrease in total body mass and greater sweating occurred, without effects on circulating renin and aldosterone concentrations; diuresis was reduced, and plasma volume decreased more than in the Static condition.

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Section: Energetics and Thermal Strainsupporting

confidence: 52%

Alterations in Body Fluid Balance During Fin Swimming in 29°C Water in a Population of Special Forces Divers

Castagna¹,

Desruelle²,

Blatteau

et al. 2015

Int J Sports Med

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“…Furthermore, divers are exposed to the changes in environmental conditions that are not usually present in other types of physical activity. Besides underwater pressure and cold temperatures, these changes also include breathing oxygen at the elevated pressure and increased resistance to breathing (5). Intensified physical activity and coldness can lead to the increased production of free radicals.…”

Section: Effects Of Scuba Diving On the Oxidative Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational scuba diving: negative or positive effects of oxidative and cardiovascular stress?

2014

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Environmental conditions and increased physical activity during scuba diving are followed by increased production of free radicals and disturbed redox balance. Redox balance disorder is associated with damage of cellular components, changes of cellular signaling pathways and alterations of gene expression. Oxidative stress leads to increased expression of sirtuins (SIRTs), molecules which play an important role in the antioxidant defense, due to their sensitivity to the changes in the redox status and their ability to regulate redox homeostasis. These facts make SIRTs interesting to be considered as molecules affected by scuba diving and in that sense, as potential biomarkers of oxidative status or possible drug targets in reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In addition, SIRTs effects through currently known targets make them intriguing molecules which can act positively on health in general and whose expression can be induced by scuba diving.A demanding physical activity, as well as other circumstances present in scuba diving, has the greatest load on the cardiovascular function (CV). The mechanisms of CV response during scuba diving are still unclear, but diving-induced oxidative stress and the increase in SIRTs expression could be an important factor in CV adaptation. This review summarizes current knowledge on scuba diving-induced oxidative and CV stress and describes the important roles of SIRTs in the (patho)physiological processes caused by the redox balance disorder.

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“…Scuba diving is characterized by changes in environmental conditions that include hyperbaric exposure, breathing compressed air or other gas mixtures at the elevated pressure, effect of immersion and exposure to cold temperature. In addition, diving implies a demanding physical activity due to the diving equipment weight and increased resistance to movement and represents psychological stress since the human ability to remain under water is physiologically limited ( 1 , 2 ). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does recreational scuba diving have clinically significant effect on routine haematological parameters?

et al. 2017

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IntroductionScuba diving represents a combination of exercise and changes in environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate changes in haematological parameters after recreational scuba diving in order to identify clinically significant changes.Materials and methodsThe study included males, 17 recreational divers, median age (range) 41 (30-52) years. Blood samples were taken before diving, immediately after diving to 30 meters for 30 minutes, 3 hours and 6 hours after diving. Complete blood counts were analyzed on the Cell Dyn Ruby haematology analyzer. Statistical significance between successive measurements was tested using Friedman test. The difference between the two measurements was judged against desirable bias (DSB) derived from biological variation and calculated reference change values (RCV). The difference higher than RCV was considered clinically significant.ResultsA statistically significant increase and difference judging against DSB was observed: for neutrophils immediately, 3 and 6 hours after diving (18%, 34% and 36%, respectively), for white blood cells (WBCs) 3 and 6 hours after diving (20% and 25%, respectively), for lymphocytes (20%) and monocytes (23%) 6 hours after diving. A statistically significant decrease and difference judging against DSB was found: immediately after diving for monocytes (- 15%), 3 and 6 hours after diving for red blood cells (RBCs) (- 2.6% and -2.9%, respectively), haemoglobin (- 2.1% and - 2.8%, respectively) and haematocrit (- 2.4% and - 3.2%, respectively). A clinically significant change was not found for any of the test parameters when compared to RCV.ConclusionsObserved statistically significant changes after recreational scuba diving; WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes increase and RBCs, haemoglobin, haematocrit decrease, probably will not affect clinical decision.

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Cardiovascular and thermal responses to SCUBA diving

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Alterations in Body Fluid Balance During Fin Swimming in 29°C Water in a Population of Special Forces Divers

Alterations in Body Fluid Balance During Fin Swimming in 29°C Water in a Population of Special Forces Divers

Recreational scuba diving: negative or positive effects of oxidative and cardiovascular stress?

Does recreational scuba diving have clinically significant effect on routine haematological parameters?

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