Cardiovascular Disease, Comorbidities, and Late Adult in Indonesia: a Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey

Abstract

The aging population is predominantly predisposed to heart illness. Age is an autonomous danger factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults, but this risk is exacerbated by additional factors, including comorbidities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and the association between comorbidities and cardiovascular disease among late adults in Indonesia. This cross-sectional research utilizes the data national population survey from the Indonesia Family Life Survey wave 5 (2015). Multistage stratified random sampling was utilized to choose the respondents to respond to a structured questionnaire interview, laboratory test, and anthropometric measurements. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to determine the association. The result was respondents’ age mean was 48.31 (±5.83) years. CVD prevalence was 2.36% (95% CI: 2.07 – 2.70). The final model of a multivariable analysis using multiple logistic regression indicated that CKD (adj. OR = 3.04, 95%CI 1.76 – 5.24, p = <0.001), hyper cholesterol (adj. OR = 2.77, 95%CI 1.20 – 3.90, p = <0.001), stroke (adj. OR = 2.66, 95%CI 1.36 – 5.24, p = 0.004), having hypertension (adj. OR = 1.83, 95% 1.35 – 2.49, p = <0.001), high blood sugar (adj. OR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.17 – 2.86, p = 0.008), were significantly associated with CVD among late adults. Other significant covariate was age (adj. OR = 1.04, 95%CI 1.01 – 1.06, p = 0.003) and sex (adj. OR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.07 – 1.92, p = 0.015). The conclusion was comorbidities, age, and sex was associated with CVD among late adults in Indonesia.

Prevalence of Metabolic Disease among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey

“…This difference is likely to occur because, in previous studies, it was stated that most of the subject has a proportion of obesity of 25.4% and have significant comorbidities such as hypertension at 40.8% 6 . The difference was also seen in the prevalence of previous research results on cardiovascular disease, which stated that the prevalence was 2.36%; this difference might have occurred due to the comorbid factors mentioned in the previous study 7 . Seven different from the prevalence of diabetes, which is almost the same as previous studies, which mention the prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia is 2.3%.…”

“…Over the past two decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has gradually increased to become a global burden. The prevalence of CVD in Indonesia is 2.36% (95% CI: 2.07 -2.70) 7 . Even though the number of CVD-related deaths has undoubtedly increased, with 17.9 million deaths attributed to them in 2015, between 2005 and 2015, there was a 12.5% increase in CVD deaths, with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, which causes almost 85% of these deaths 8 .…”

Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Lansia Dhuafa Binaan Pimpinan Wilayah Aisyiyah Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

“…Pada lansia, terjadinya peningkatan tekanan darah dikaitkan dengan turunnya aktifitas, obesitas, linggar pinggang yang tidak normal, riwayat keluarga dengan hipertensi, riwayat merokok, dan riwayat diabetes mellitus (Sri Hari et al, 2021), sedang penyebab terjadinya hipertensi yang tidak terkontrol disebabkan oleh kebiasaan merokok, ketidakpatuhan mengkonsumsi obat anti hipertensi, dan konsumsi sodium atau garam dapur yang tidak terkontrol (Mitra & Wulandari, 2019). Selain faktor turunan, yang mempengaruhi terjadinya peningkatan gula darah yaitu kurangnya aktifitas fisik dan rendahnya asupan serat pada lansia (Nasution, et al, 2021).Tekanan darah yang terjadi terus menerus dan tidak terkontrol yang terjadi sejak usia muda, bisa menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit cardiovaskuler (Wahyuni et al, 2022). Pada pemeriksaan gula darah sewaktu (GDS), 40 peserta (78.4%) didapatkan hasil normal, sedang 11 peserta (21.6%) didapatkan hasil GDS diatas nilai normal.…”

“…Hal ini didukung dengan semakin menurunnya aktifitas lansia, dan kurangnya asupan nutrisi (Nasution et al, 2021). Kondisi lansia bila dikaitkan dengan tingginya kadar gula darah, akan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penyakit dimensia dan alzaimer, dan frailty syndrome (Mordarska & Godziejewska-Zawada, 2017), serta semakin tinggi terjadinya penyakit ginjal kronis (Wahyuni et al, 2020), dan penyakit kardiovaskuler (Wahyuni et al, 2022).…”

“…Asam urat dapat menghambat fungsi endotel dengan menghambat fungsi oksida nitrat dalam kondisi stres oksidatif, yg berperan dalam pathogenesis hipertensi (Pasalic et al, 2012). Tingginya kadar asam urat merupakan perdiktor terjadinya penyakit kardiovaskuler (Wahyuni et al, 2022;Wijayanti et al, 2021). Gaya hidup berhubungan antara gaya hidup yang buruk dengan peningkatan kadar asam urat dalam darah.…”