Cardiovascular Disease in Great Apes

McManamon, Rita; Lowenstine, Linda J.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1986-4.00053-6

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Managed populations of gorillas in zoos benefit from veterinary care that, increasingly, may benefit from medical approaches based on genetic information. Cardiac disease is a major mortality factor in managed gorilla populations (McManamon and Lowenstine 2012). The opportunities to provide supportive care based on an understanding of the evolutionary similarities and differences in cardiac development and physiology between gorillas and humans can contribute to the welfare of managed gorilla populations, while also providing insights into the evolution of loci associated with cardiac disease risk in humans.…”

Section: Conservation Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inference of Gorilla demographic and selective history from whole genome sequence data

McManus

Kelley

Song

et al. 2014

Preprint

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Although population-level genomic sequence data have been gathered extensively for humans, similar data from our closest living relatives are just beginning to emerge. Examination of genomic variation within great apes offers many opportunities to increase our understanding of the forces that have differentially shaped the evolutionary history of hominid taxa. Here, we expand upon the work of the Great Ape Genome Project by analyzing medium to high coverage whole-genome sequences from 14 western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), 2 eastern lowland gorillas (G. beringei graueri), and a single Cross River individual (G. gorilla diehli). We infer that the ancestors of western and eastern lowland gorillas diverged from a common ancestor approximately 261 ka, and that the ancestors of the Cross River population diverged from the western lowland gorilla lineage approximately 68 ka. Using a diffusion approximation approach to model the genome-wide site frequency spectrum, we infer a history of western lowland gorillas that includes an ancestral population expansion of 1.4-fold around 970 ka and a recent 5.6-fold contraction in population size 23 ka. The latter may correspond to a major reduction in African equatorial forests around the Last Glacial Maximum. We also analyze patterns of variation among western lowland gorillas to identify several genomic regions with strong signatures of recent selective sweeps. We find that processes related to taste, pancreatic and saliva secretion, sodium ion transmembrane transport, and cardiac muscle function are overrepresented in genomic regions predicted to have experienced recent positive selection.

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Section: Conservation Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inference of Gorilla demographic and selective history from whole genome sequence data

McManus

Kelley

Song

et al. 2014

Preprint

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“…230 In contrast, in all the apes, an idiopathic condition variously termed fibrosing cardiomyopathy, interstitial myocardial fibrosis, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy is the most commonly diagnosed entity. 142,168,220,260 This condition resembles idiopathic myocardial fibrosis in humans, which occurs in the absence of arterial obstruction and has been recognized and debated about for decades. 222 It also resembles the lesions of human idiopathic cardiomyopathy, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, and experimentally induced catecholamine cardiomyopathy in rhesus macaques.…”

Section: Heart Disease In Apes Compared With Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…93,133,229 Sudden deaths (hypothesized to be due to arrhythmias associated with conduction system fibrosis) and congestive heart failure both occur in affected apes. 144,168,171 In contrast to CAD, the vessels, primarily endomyocardial (intrinsic) arteries and arterioles, in affected great apes have varying degrees of median hypertrophy and hyalinization (arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis; Figs. 11, 12).…”

Section: Heart Disease In Apes Compared With Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes

2015

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The great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. Despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. Common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. Humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain volume, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral vascular disease occurs in both humans and apes. Cardiovascular disease mortality increases in aging humans and apes, but coronary atherosclerosis is the most significant type in humans. In captive apes, idiopathic myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy predominate, with arteriosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries. Similar cardiac lesions are occasionally seen in wild apes. Vascular changes in heart and kidneys and aortic dissections in gorillas and bonobos suggest that hypertension may be involved in pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease is common in elderly humans and some aging apes and is linked with cardiovascular disease in orangutans. Neoplasms common to aging humans and apes include uterine leiomyomas in chimpanzees, but other tumors of elderly humans, such as breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, are uncommon in apes. Among the apes, chimpanzees have been best studied in laboratory settings, and more comparative research is needed into the pathology of geriatric zoo-housed and wild apes. Increasing longevity of humans and apes makes understanding aging processes and diseases imperative for optimizing quality of life in all the ape species.

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“…We also identified variants associated with cardiomyopathy, including in one deceased individual (Kaboko) in whom post mortem analysis revealed evidence of muscular hypertrophy (15). Cardiovascular disease has been identified as a notable cause of death in captive western lowland gorillas (24). …”

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confidence: 99%

Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding

Xue

Prado-Martinez

Sudmant

et al. 2015

Science

366

434

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Mountain gorillas are an endangered great ape subspecies and a prominent focus for conservation, yet we know little about their genomic diversity and evolutionary past. We sequenced whole genomes from multiple wild individuals and compared the genomes of all four Gorilla subspecies. We found that the two eastern subspecies have experienced a prolonged population decline over the past 100,000 years, resulting in very low genetic diversity and an increased overall burden of deleterious variation. A further recent decline in the mountain gorilla population has led to extensive inbreeding, such that individuals are typically homozygous at 34% of their sequence, leading to the purging of severely deleterious recessive mutations from the population. We discuss the causes of their decline and the consequences for their future survival.

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Cardiovascular Disease in Great Apes

Cited by 28 publications

References 12 publications

Inference of Gorilla demographic and selective history from whole genome sequence data

Inference of Gorilla demographic and selective history from whole genome sequence data

Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes

Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding

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