Cardiovascular Disease in Incarcerated Populations

Wang, Emily A.; Redmond, Nicole; Himmelfarb, Cheryl Dennison; Pettit, Becky; Stern, M.; Chen, Jue; Shero, Susan T.; Iturriaga, Erin; Sorlie, Paul D.; Roux, Ana V. Diez

doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.040

Cited by 80 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…There were no significant differences in the rate of heart conditions among individuals with and without criminal justice involvement, although the available question within NSDUH does not specifically refer to heart conditions known to be strongly associated with smoking, for example, coronary artery disease [32]. Both the higher prevalence and intensity of tobacco use among individuals likely mediate the relationship between criminal justice involvement and high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco use among non-elderly adults with and without criminal justice involvement in the past year: United States, 2008–2016

Winkelman

Vickery

Busch

2019

Addict Sci Clin Pract

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundTobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States and is concentrated among disadvantaged populations, including individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement. However, tobacco use among individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement has been understudied in the United States, and data are needed to inform policy and practice.MethodsWe used data from the 2008–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (unweighted N = 330,130) to examine trends in tobacco use, categories of tobacco use, characteristics of cigarette use, and health care utilization and tobacco use screening among individuals (aged 18–64) with and without a history of criminal justice involvement in the past year. We used multiple logistic and Poisson regression models with predictive margins to provide adjusted prevalence estimates.ResultsThe weighted sample in each year was, on average, representative of 8,693,171 individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement in the past year and 182,817,228 individuals with no history of criminal justice involvement in the past year. Tobacco use was significantly more common among individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement compared with individuals with no criminal justice involvement, and disparities increased over time (Difference in adjusted relative differences: − 10.2% [95% CI − 17.7 to − 2.7]). In 2016, tobacco use prevalence was more than two times higher among individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement (62.9% [95% CI 59.9–66.0] vs. 27.6% [95% CI 26.9–28.3]). Individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement who smoked reported a significantly earlier age of cigarette initiation, more cigarettes used per day, and higher levels of nicotine dependence and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement were less likely to report an outpatient medical visit in the past year and, among those reporting an outpatient medical visit, were less likely to be asked about tobacco use, but paradoxically, more likely to report being advised to quit.ConclusionsNovel programs and tobacco control policies are needed to address persistently high rates of tobacco use and reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco use among non-elderly adults with and without criminal justice involvement in the past year: United States, 2008–2016

Winkelman

Vickery

Busch

2019

Addict Sci Clin Pract

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…11 Studies of cardiovascular risk factor profiles in prisoners within the last 15-20 years are rare in the UK 12 but commoner in the USA and Australia. [13][14][15][16] Reports describing the results of Healthchecks in prisoners generally summarise only those prisoners who undertake a Healthcheck. There are good data comparing the characteristics of those that do or don't take up Healthchecks in community settings, 6 but such data have not been published for prisoners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular risk profiles and the uptake of the NHS Healthcheck programme in male prisoners in six UK prisons: an observational cross-sectional survey

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionHalf of all deaths in custody are due to natural causes, the most common being cardiovascular disease (CVD). National Health Service Healthchecks should be available to all eligible prisoners; it is not clear who receives them. Mental health issues are common in prisoners and may affect how healthcare interventions should be delivered. Current policy is to offer Healthchecks to those serving over 2 years in prison.Objectives, methods, setting and designAn observational cross-sectional survey in six male prisons in England between September 2017 and January 2019 in prisoners aged 35–74 to identify who was eligible for a Healthcheck and compare CVD risk data with those that were not, and factors associated with uptake.Outcome measuresCharacteristics of those accepting a Healthcheck were compared with those declining. Assessments of anxiety and depression were compared with CVD risk factors.Results1207 prisoners completed a Healthcheck. 21.8% of prisoners were ineligible due to existing comorbidities. 76.4% of those invited took up a Healthcheck, and of those, 12.1% were found to have new significant CVD comorbidity. CVD risk was similar to community levels but this population was 10 years younger. Definite case-level depression or anxiety was present in 20.7% and 18.0%, respectively, of participants. An association was found between ethnicity and those invited (p=0.023, φ=0.1) and accepting (p=0.008, φ=0.1) a Healthcheck. 9.7% of prisoners serving less than 2 years had CVD risk scores of 10% or more, and had similar CVD risk profiles but much higher levels of anxiety (p<0.001, φ=0.2) or depression (p=0.009, φ=0.2) than those serving 2 years or more.ConclusionCardiovascular risk was comparable with community rates and in some prisons, much higher. Rates of anxiety and depression were high. The national policy for selecting prisoners for Healthchecks may leave many high-risk prisoners without appropriate cardiovascular preventative assessments.

show abstract

“… 2 CVD is also a leading cause of death in people currently or previously incarcerated. 3 In 2018, in the USA, over 2.1 million people experienced incarceration, amounting to 0.65% of the US population, nearly five times the rate in the UK. 4 This disproportionately affects African-American men in whom it has been estimated that up to a third have had contact with the prison system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ObjectiveCardiovascular disease is an underappreciated issue in prison medicine. Recent studies have revealed a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) among individuals in prison, but the impact of incarceration on CVDRFs over time is not well understood. This review aimed to assess available literature and quantify the relationship between incarceration and trends in major CVDRFs in high-income countries.DesignSystematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Meta-regression on weight change and obesity.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Central Wiley and Web of Science.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesLongitudinal studies reporting on the incidence of, or trends in any CVDRF among current or former people in prison over time, in high-income countries.Data extraction and synthesisTwo authors independently screened articles for eligibility, extracted data and assessed quality using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Trends in CVDRFs during and following incarceration were summarised and in those with sufficient data a meta-regression was performed.ResultsTwenty-six articles were identified. CVDRFs assessed included obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, tobacco use, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. A meta-regression on change in weight during incarceration found a mean increase of 5.3 kg (95% CI 0.5 to 10.1) and change in body mass index of 1.8 kg/m2 (95% CI −0.9 to 4.6) at 2 years. Weight gain appeared most pronounced right after entering prison and then plateaued at 2 years. Concerning hypertension, the results were inconclusive, despite a trend towards rising blood pressure or prevalence of hypertension during incarceration, and an increased incidence of hypertension following incarceration. Results are contradictory or inconclusive for the other CVDRFs reviewed.ConclusionPossible explanations for the association between incarceration and weight include a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, forced smoking cessation, psychotropic medication use and high levels of stress. Incarceration may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

show abstract

Cardiovascular Disease in Incarcerated Populations

Cited by 80 publications

References 40 publications

Tobacco use among non-elderly adults with and without criminal justice involvement in the past year: United States, 2008–2016

Tobacco use among non-elderly adults with and without criminal justice involvement in the past year: United States, 2008–2016

Cardiovascular risk profiles and the uptake of the NHS Healthcheck programme in male prisoners in six UK prisons: an observational cross-sectional survey

Impact of incarceration on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-regression on weight and BMI change

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About