Cardiovascular Disease, Lymphoproliferative Disorders, and Thymomas

Huston, Sharon M.; Lee, Pamela Ming-Show; Quesenberry, Katherine E.; Pilny, Anthony A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6621-7.00020-8

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Experimental and natural cases of dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies have been reported in rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. 2,15,[20][21][22][23] In the previously mentioned retrospective study, 4 of the 13 rabbits with cardiac disease were diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. 21 Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of heart failure in rabbits, with giant-breed rabbits (e.g., New Zealand, Californian, Flemish Giant, Chinchilla) more prone to disease development.…”

Section: Cardiomyopathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Presentations Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Exotic Herbivores

Schnellbacher

Olson

Mayer

2012

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine

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Exotic animals, including small herbivores, are increasing in popularity as companion animals. Commonly owned exotic herbivores include guinea pigs, chinchillas, and rabbits. These animals fall into the category of prey species with an inherent instinct to hide their illness until severely affected by the disease process. Therefore, any of these animals presented as an emergency case must be carefully evaluated for chronic underlying illness. Cardiovascular emergency and critical care principles are similar across all mammalian species. However, specialized techniques and adaptations are occasionally required because of the unique physiology and natural behaviors of these animals. It is essential to evaluate and stabilize these patients before attempting definitive diagnostic plans. Emergency cardiovascular presentations, as in other mammals, consist of congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, pericardial effusion, and toxicities that can result in cardiac and pulmonary arrest. Cardiac disease is a relatively common finding in small exotic mammals, but there are few peer-reviewed reports regarding diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in these species. Diagnostic testing and treatment options are generally based on knowledge of small animal medicine.A ssessing the cardiovascular system of small exotic mammalian patients (e.g., rabbits, guinea pigs) can be a challenge. A visual examination should always be performed before handling the animal to evaluate the character and resting respiratory rate, as well as overall demeanor of the patient. A systematic cardiovascular examination should include the evaluation of mucous membranes for color, hydration, and capillary refill time, as well as thoracic and cardiac auscultation. The rabbit central ear artery and femoral artery of guinea pigs and chinchillas can be used to gauge the strength and regularity of peripheral arterial pulses.

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Section: Cardiomyopathiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Presentations Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Exotic Herbivores

Schnellbacher

Olson

Mayer

2012

Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine

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“…Thymomas are one of the most common mediastinal masses seen in domesticated rabbits 1,2 . These tumours rarely metastasize, 3 but they may result in life‐threatening respiratory and circulatory compromise due to their action as space‐occupying thoracic masses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical signs include dyspnoea, exophthalmos, third eyelid prolapse and exfoliative dermatitis 2,4–9 . Suggested treatment options include corticosteroids, aspiration of cystic components of the mass, radiation therapy (RT) and surgical excision 1,2,4,5,7,10–13 . A median survival time (MST) of 92 days without treatment has been reported, but there are reports of rabbits surviving longer 6,14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Surgical excision is associated with a high mortality rate, with post-operative mortality rates of 50% to over 70% reported. 1,2,7,15 Due to the risks of thoracotomy, there is increasing interest in RT. One study reported a MST of 213 days for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with 4 weekly fractions of 6 or 8 Gy (total dose 24 or 32 Gy) and found no significant difference in survival between rabbits receiving RT versus no treatment; however, there was a small sample size (n = 5) receiving RT.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Adaptive radiation therapy using weekly hypofractionation for thymoma treatment: A retrospective study of 10 rabbits

McCready

Poirier

Fleck

et al. 2022

Vet Comparative Oncology

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Radiation therapy (RT) is being utilized more commonly for rabbit thymomas due to high perioperative mortality rates with surgery. Median overall survival times reported for rabbit thymomas treated with a variety of RT protocols and techniques range from 6 months to greater than 2 years. As thymomas are radiation‐responsive tumours and may shrink rapidly after RT, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is often warranted. The purpose of this single‐institution retrospective case series was to investigate the tumour volume reduction during RT, the frequency of replanning during RT, and survival time in rabbit thymomas treated using intensity‐modulated/image‐guided radiation therapy (IMRT/IGRT) and a weekly hypofractionated protocol delivering a total dose of 30 Gy. Ten rabbits met the inclusion criteria from October 2014 to October 2019. The median progression‐free survival was 561 days and the median overall survival was 634 days (range: 322–1118 days). The tumour volume gradually decreased with each RT fraction. On post‐hoc analysis, only the first RT fraction was associated with a significant GTV reduction (of more than 50% on average, p < .001). All subsequent RT fractions did not further reduce the GTV significantly (p > .06). Hypofractionated RT using a weekly protocol of 5 fractions of 6 Gy is a reasonable option to treat rabbit thymomas and replanning should be anticipated. The results of this study support the use of RT to rapidly relieve thymoma‐induced dyspnoea in rabbits.

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“…Rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) are popular companion animals due to their small size, easy maintenance and husbandry, inquisitive nature, good temperament, and intelligence. Cardiac disease is emergent among several small exotic mammals such as ferrets, 1 rabbits, 2 African hedgehogs, 3 and rats 4,5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertebral heart score to evaluate cardiac size in thoracic radiographs of 124 healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Dias

Anselmi²,

Espada

et al. 2021

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Dilated cardiomyopathy is a relatively common disease in pet rats (Rattus norvegicus); however, there is a lack of radiographic references for the normal cardiac size in this species. The aim of this prospective, anatomical and reference interval study was to establish quantitative radiographic reference range measurements for the vertebral heart score (VHS) in rats. Right lateral (RL), ventrodorsal (VD), and dorsoventral (DV) radiographs of clinically healthy rats (n = 124) were evaluated. Measurements were performed by 2 expert readers who were unaware of signalment data. The mean values and references intervals of VHS were 7.7 and 7.0–8.5 for the RL, 7.5 and 6.6–8.6 for the VD, and 7.9 and 6.9–9.0 for the DV, with VHS values greater in males than in females. The measurements reported in this study can be used by the clinician as an objective tool to evaluate cardiac size in rats, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac diseases.

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Cardiovascular Disease, Lymphoproliferative Disorders, and Thymomas

Cited by 13 publications

References 35 publications

Emergency Presentations Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Exotic Herbivores

Emergency Presentations Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Exotic Herbivores

Adaptive radiation therapy using weekly hypofractionation for thymoma treatment: A retrospective study of 10 rabbits

Vertebral heart score to evaluate cardiac size in thoracic radiographs of 124 healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus)

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