Cardiovascular Effects of Acute Pulmonary Obstruction in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Johansson, Anna M.; Gardner, Sarah Y.; Atkins, Clarke E.; LaFevers, D. Heath; Breuhaus, Babetta A.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02964.x

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These are not associated with myocardial damage and are reversible with the control of airway obstruction. 118 Finally, alveolar clearance measured by scintigraphy indicates an impaired alveolar epithelium integrity that persists in asymptomatic horses kept in a low dust environment and only return to normal when horses are on pasture. 114…”

Section: Gas Exchange Ventilation/perfusion and Epithelium Integritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heaves, an asthma‐like disease of horses

Leclère¹,

Lavoie-Lamoureux²,

Lavoie³

2011

Respirology

177

233

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Animal models have been developed to investigate specific components of asthmatic airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness or remodelling. However, all of these aspects are rarely observed in the same animal. Heaves is a naturally occurring disease of horses that combines these features. It is characterized by stable dust-induced inflammation, bronchospasm and remodelling. The evaluation of horses during well-controlled natural antigen exposure and avoidance in experimental settings allows the study of disease mechanisms in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages, an approach rarely feasible in humans. Also, the disease can be followed over several years to observe the cumulative effect of repeated episodes of clinical exacerbation or to evaluate long-term treatment, contrasting most murine asthma models. This model has shown complex gene and environment interactions, the involvement of both innate and adaptive responses to inflammation, and the contribution of bronchospasm and tissue remodelling to airway obstruction, all occurring in a natural setting. Similarities with the human asthmatic airways are well described and the model is currently being used to evaluate airway remodelling and its reversibility in ways that are not possible in people for ethical reasons. Tools including antibodies, recombinant proteins or gene arrays, as well as methods for sampling tissues and assessing lung function in the horse are constantly evolving to facilitate the study of this animal model. Research perspectives that can be relevant to asthma include the role of neutrophils in airway inflammation and their response to corticosteroids, systemic response to pulmonary inflammation, and maintaining athletic capacities with early intervention.

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Section: Gas Exchange Ventilation/perfusion and Epithelium Integritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heaves, an asthma‐like disease of horses

Leclère¹,

Lavoie-Lamoureux²,

Lavoie³

2011

Respirology

177

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Recurrent airway obstruction-induced pathogenic changes are not only limited to the respiratory system. Secondary functional adaptations of the cardiovascular system have also been observed in association with RAO, such as an increase in resting pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) [125,128] and transient morphological changes equivalent to cor pulmonale [129,130]. There is also evidence of structural changes in the skeletal muscles of heaves-affected horses when compared with those of healthy horses, and these may contribute to poor performance [131].…”

Section: Recurrent Airway Obstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity

Erck-Westergren¹,

Franklin

Bayly

2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Given that aerobic metabolism is the predominant energy pathway for most sports, the respiratory system can be a rate-limiting factor in the exercise capacity of fit and healthy horses. Consequently, respiratory diseases, even in mild forms, are potentially deleterious to any athletic performance. The functional impairment associated with a respiratory condition depends on the degree of severity of the disease and the equestrian discipline involved. Respiratory abnormalities generally result in an increase in respiratory impedance and work of breathing and a reduced level of ventilation that can be detected objectively by deterioration in breathing mechanics and arterial blood gas tensions and/or lactataemia. The overall prevalence of airway diseases is comparatively high in equine athletes and may affect the upper airways, lower airways or both. Diseases of the airways have been associated with a wide variety of anatomical and/or inflammatory conditions. In some instances, the diagnosis is challenging because conditions can be subclinical in horses at rest and become clinically relevant only during exercise. In such cases, an exercise test may be warranted in the evaluation of the patient. The design of the exercise test is critical to inducing the clinical signs of the problem and establishing an accurate diagnosis. Additional diagnostic techniques, such as airway sampling, can be valuable in the diagnosis of subclinical lower airway problems that have the capacity to impair performance. As all these techniques become more widely used in practice, they should inevitably enhance veterinarians' diagnostic capabilities and improve their assessment of treatment effectiveness and the long-term management of equine athletes.

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“…Serum or plasma concentrations of cTnI have been reported in cats and dogs that are either healthy or with various diseases, including gastric dilation and volvulus [4], congestive heart failure [5], heatstroke [6], cardiomyopathy, and pericardial disease [7][8][9], and dogs receiving chemotherapy [10]. Circulating cTnI concentrations have been evaluated in healthy horses [11], Thoroughbreds in training or on pasture [12], horses undergoing endurance events [13] or treadmill exercise [14], and horses with various diseases, including myocarditis [15], cantharidin toxicosis [16], ruptured aortic jet lesions [17], airway obstruction [18], babesiosis [19], electrical cardioconversion [20,21], sepsis [22] and monensin intoxication [23]. Preferred times to test blood for cTnI levels following athletic performance or other events that may cause acute myocardial injury are not yet established and would be affected by time of release from the myocytes, location of release within the myocytes, duration of release and elimination half-life (T1/2) of cTnI in the horse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination half‐life of intravenously administered equine cardiac troponin I in healthy ponies

Kraus

Kaufer

Damiani

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Reasons for performing study: To date, no information is available on the true biological elimination half‐life (T1/2) of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the equine species. Such data are required to better evaluate the optimal time to acquire the cTnI sample following acute myocardial injury. Objective: To determine the T1/2 of equine cTnI. Methods: Four healthy ponies received i.v. injections of recombinant equine cTnI. Plasma cTnI concentrations were measured with a point‐of‐care cTnI analyser at multiple time points after injection. Standard pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to establish the T1/2 of cTnI. Results: The average T1/2 of cTnI was determined to be 0.47 h using a single rate elimination model. Conclusion: The elimination of recombinant equine cTnI following i.v. administration is very rapid. Establishing the T1/2 of troponin provides critical information in understanding the clinical application of this cardiac biomarker in equine practice.

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Cardiovascular Effects of Acute Pulmonary Obstruction in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Abstract: With APO of 7 days' duration, cardiovascular abnormalities and the functional airway changes that produce them are reversible when the offending allergens are removed.

Cited by 31 publications

References 20 publications

Heaves, an asthma‐like disease of horses

Heaves, an asthma‐like disease of horses

Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity

Elimination half‐life of intravenously administered equine cardiac troponin I in healthy ponies

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