Cardiovascular Physiopathology of Angiotensin II and Its Plasma and Nuclear Envelop Membranes’ Receptors

Taurine Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Human Endocardial Endothelium Morphological Remodeling and the Increase in Cytosolic and Nuclear Calcium and ROS

“…The increase in hEECs nuclear calcium by Ang II could be due to Ang II activation of the following: 1-calcium influx through the nuclear membranes ionic transporters; 2-release of calcium from endoplasmic IP 3 sensitive pools [3]; and 3-release of calcium from nucleoplasmic reticulum IP 3 [13]. Since endothelial cells generally possess mainly R-type calcium channels [15,23], the increase in cytosolic and nuclear calcium could also be due to the activation of plasma and nuclear membranes' R-type calcium channels, as reported previously.…”

“…Thus, they contribute to regulating cardiomyocyte function [ 3 , 7 ]. Evidence for the involvement of Ang II in cardiac hypertrophy is abundant [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. This octapeptide, generated as part of the renin–angiotensin system, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases, such as peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and coronary artery disease [ 16 ].…”

“…We took into consideration the following: 1—Ang II induces cardiac hypertrophy associated with an increase in cardiomyocyte intracellular Ca 2+ and ROS [ 15 ]; 2—the first abnormal remodeling takes place at the EE during the development of hereditary cardiomyopathy, and it contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction [ 21 ]; 3—endothelial cell dysfunction is a complex mechanism [ 29 ] implicating ROS generation and overload that is also activated by Ang II [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Thus, in the present study, we wanted to verify whether Ang II induces hypertrophy of human EECs and whether this effect can be prevented by treatment with taurine.…”

Calcium Homeostasis, Transporters, and Blockers in Health and Diseases of the Cardiovascular System

“…Calcium (Ca 2+ ) plays a vital role in development, aging, and death. This ion regulates most cellular functions via its broad role as a second messenger at the cytosolic and nuclear levels [1][2][3][4]. It is directly and indirectly implicated in life and death signals [5], sperm and ovulation maturation [6], fecundation [6], differentiation [5], contraction [7][8][9][10], secretion (endocytosis/exocytosis) [11], proliferation [12][13][14], and memory [15].…”