Cardiovascular Reactions to Emotional Stimuli. Effect on the Cardiac Output, Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference, Arterial Pressure, and Peripheral Resistance

Hickam, John B.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310160075006

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This response may be in preparation for possible subsequent activity, for example, if the perceived predator attacked. This explanation has been favoured by a number of workers studying responses of cardiovascular and respiratory systems of other taxa to predator exposure (Hickam et al ., 1948; Causby & Smith, 1981; Espmark & Langvatn, 1985; Ydenberg & Dill, 1986; Lydersen & Kovacs, 1995). Escape bursts, however, could be undertaken anaerobically and there is clearly not a requirement for the fish to be physiologically ‘geared up’, although it is possible that efficiency of escape might be enhanced by preparation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, hyperventilation may have been linked to repayment of an oxygen deficit following ‘dashing’ or fleeing bursts (Shelton, 1970). Second, it has been suggested that ventilatory frequency may increase in preparation for possible physical responses to the predator, such as fleeing or fighting (Hickam et al ., 1948; Espmark & Langvatn, 1985; Lydersen & Kovacs, 1995) even when there is no prior locomotory activity. It is well established that heart and breathing rates of deer, sheep and birds change in response to stress and in the absence of obvious locomotory and postprandial influence (Moen et al ., 1978; MacArthur et al ., 1979; Causby & Smith, 1981; MacArthur, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predator‐induced hyperventilation in wild and hatchery Atlantic salmon fry

Hawkins

Armstrong

Magurran

2004

Journal of Fish Biology

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Following exposure to a predator stimulus (a brown trout Salmo trutta), the opercular rate of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry increased by 35Á3 AE 11Á0% (mean AE 95% CI). The time taken for opercular rate to decline to baseline levels depended upon the occurrence of any associated locomotory activity. Opercular rates of fish that dashed when exposed remained elevated for 38Á2 AE 20Á6 min, whereas those of individuals that did not move ('freezers') recovered within 7Á2 AE 2Á9 min. The duration that opercular rate remained elevated was positively correlated with the magnitude of the elevation, which was higher in 'dashers' than freezers. The maximum opercular rate in 'freezers' was similar between wild fry and hatchery-reared fry (from wild parents). There was a significant delay, however, in hatchery compared with wild fry in the time until peak ventilatory response and onset in the decline phase. This difference in opercular response suggests that hatchery fish were slower to realize fully the potential danger from the predator. Any delay in response could be directly attributed to the effect of hatchery-rearing environment, rather than domestication or hatchery selection effects. # 2004 Crown copyright

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator‐induced hyperventilation in wild and hatchery Atlantic salmon fry

Hawkins

Armstrong

Magurran

2004

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…Numerous investigators have cited the importance of stress (23)(24)(25)(26) and anxiety (27)(28)(29) in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Perhaps the best way to reconcile the present results with the work of others would be to reformulate the present hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and Hypertension

Friedman

Bennet

1977

Psychosomatic Medicine

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The study consisted of 1101 Caucasian, male outpatients, who were screened for depression and hypertension in order to test the hypothesis that there is a unique relationship between these two illnesses. Depression was assessed by the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) while diastolic blood pressure (BP) was accepted as the index of hypertension. Medical records were reviewed to determine whether the patient's clinical diagnoses would have an effect on any relationship between depression and hypertension. It was found that there was no correlation between elevated scores on the Zung SDS and diastolic BP. The diagnosis of anxiety, however, was significantly associated both with depression and hypertension.

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“…Beginning with the work of Wolf Holmes. and many others, explanations of psychoso matic phenomena consisted primarily of ap peal to volitional or environmentally im posed changes in behavior (or dispositions to behave) leading to various physiologic mani festations: increased heart rate and blood pressure [2,3], increases in gastric acid secre tion [4,5], changes in respirator)' function [6,7], and so on. It was maintained that if the psychodynamics involved in the generation of these states of heightened autonomic tone could be manipulated, there was a possibility of averting or aborting such episodes and thereby preventing their associated morbidi ty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Alexithymia on Morbidity in Hypertensives

Gage¹,

Egan

1984

Psychother Psychosom

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Alexithymic and nonalexithymic hypertensives were assessed for severity of hypertension using a weighting system based on diastolic blood pressure, optic fundi, ECG, chest X ray, renal studies, and patient history. Outpatient hypertensives (diastolic blood pressure > 95 mm Hg) were selected as subjects because they are largely asymptomatic; thus, focusing on somatic ills to the exclusion of thoughts about emotions is not likely to be due to their hypertensive pathology but rather reflects psychological constitution. Controlling for age differences, it was found that alexithymics manifested more severe hypertensive sequelae than did nonalexithymics; there was, however, no difference in severity of atherosclerosis. The results suggest that alexithymia is not only correlated with hypertension but may also play a role in its etiology.

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Cardiovascular Reactions to Emotional Stimuli. Effect on the Cardiac Output, Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference, Arterial Pressure, and Peripheral Resistance

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Predator‐induced hyperventilation in wild and hatchery Atlantic salmon fry

Predator‐induced hyperventilation in wild and hatchery Atlantic salmon fry

Depression and Hypertension

The Effect of Alexithymia on Morbidity in Hypertensives

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