Cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality attributed to PM2.5 in Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Poor air quality is one of the most important environmental problems in many large cities of the world, which can cause a wide range of acute and chronic health effects, including partial physiological disorders and cardiac death due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. According to the latest edition of the national standard for air quality, maximum contamination level is 15 μg/m(3) per year and 35 μg/m(3) per day. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality attributed to PM2.5 in the city of Mashhad during 2013. To this end, the Air Q model was used to assess health impacts of PM2.5 and human exposure to it. In this model, the attributable proportion of health outcome, annual number of excess cases of mortality for all causes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were estimated. The results showed that the number of excess cases of mortality for all causes and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributable to PM2.5 was 32, 263, and 332 μg/m(3), respectively. Moreover, the annual average of PM2.5 in Mashhad was obtained to be 37.85 μg/m(3). This study demonstrated that a high percentage of mortality resulting from this pollutant could be due to the high average concentration of PM2.5 in the city during 2013. In this case, using the particle control methods, such as optimal use of fuel, management of air quality in urban areas, technical inspection of vehicles, faster development of public transport, and use of industrial technology can be effective in reducing air pollution in cities and turning existing situations into preferred ones.

Metabolomics analysis reveals that benzo[a]pyrene, a component of PM2.5, promotes pulmonary injury by modifying lipid metabolism in a phospholipase A2-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro

“…Due to its small diameter and large surface area, PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μM (PM 2.5 ) carries various toxic components and pathogens into the body and causes harm [2]. Many studies have indicated that there is a close association between mortality and PM 2.5 level, especially respiratory and cardiovascular mortality [3], [4], [5], [6]. As the site for gas exchange and a barrier from the external environment, the respiratory system is exposed directly to high levels of PM 2.5 .…”

Air pollution, aeroallergens and suicidality: a review of the effects of air pollution and aeroallergens on suicidal behavior and an exploration of possible mechanisms

“…The following list is not inclusive of all current air pollution agents; however, they are those that are targeted for reduction by the WHO, which include PM, ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). Many air pollutants have been identified as health hazards, leading to negative health effects such as increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, and depressive symptomatology (27,28). As such, the aforementioned agents are key targets according to the air quality guidelines, as lowering their levels could help lower the associated burden of disease (29).…”

“…Data collected in 2012 by the World Health Organization (WHO) (1) estimates that suicide accounts for 1.4% of deaths globally and is ranked as the second leading cause of death among individuals aged [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Consequently, the WHO has made efforts to reduce these rates by identifying and implementing preventative strategies.…”

Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and impacts on health in Rome, Italy

“…8,12,13 Many health assessment studies showed an association between ambient PM 2.5 levels and their impacts on cardio-respiratory mortality. [14][15][16][17][18] A long-term exposure to ambient PM 2.5 can cause deaths for ischemic heart diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. 19,20 The ischemic heart diseases (IHD) is a cardiovascular condition characterized by inability of cardiac muscles to function effectively due to poor blood circulation caused by atherosclerosis.…”