Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood

Raitakari, Olli T.; Juonala, Markus; Kähönen, Mika; Taittonen, Leena; Laitinen, Tomi; Mäki-Torkko, Noora; Järvisalo, Mikko J.; Uhari, Matti; Jokinen, Eero; Rönnemaa, Tapani; Åkerblom, Hans K.; Viikari, Jorma

doi:10.1001/jama.290.17.2277

Cited by 1,511 publications

(481 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Contrary to numerous previous studies we did not find an association between IMT and exercise, smoking, and alcohol drinking 29, 30, 31, 32. Consistent with our result, the association between smoking status and IMT has been reported by Sass and colleagues in middle‐aged but not in young adults 8.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Growth of Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness in Black and White Young Adults

Hao

Wang

Treiber

et al. 2016

JAHA

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BackgroundThere are few longitudinal studies that have comprehensively examined the intima‐media thickness (IMT) growth pattern and its determinants among racial population groups.Methods and ResultsMean and maximum IMT were measured by B‐mode ultrasonography up to 3 times in 253 white and 268 black participants, aged 13 to 36 years (mean age±standard deviation 24±3.2 years old). The development of IMT was assessed using individual growth curve modeling. A total of 521 participants with 1015 IMT measurements were eligible for this study. We found higher IMT in both left and right sides in blacks compared to whites (P<0.001) in young adulthood. Both whites and blacks showed a strong linear increase in mean IMT with age. Body mass index and father's education level were associated with mean IMT, and only body mass index was associated with maximum IMT (P<0.05). We did not observe an interaction between age and race/ethnicity on the growth of IMT, suggesting that blacks and whites developed IMT in similar patterns. Interestingly, we found a faster increase in mean left‐side IMT than mean right‐side IMT (χ2=11.5, P<0.001) in both black and white subjects as well as in males and females.ConclusionsOur findings provide compelling prospective evidence that blacks may have thicker IMT compared to whites as young adults. These racial differences could not be explained by traditional risk factors. This implies that differences in this precursor of atherosclerosis may explain racial disparity in cerebrovascular disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Growth of Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness in Black and White Young Adults

Hao

Wang

Treiber

et al. 2016

JAHA

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“…There were therefore very few hypertensive cases to consider (16/130 men). Six studies considered the association between childhood BMI and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) (30,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) , with five of these studies showing a positive association (35)(36)(37)(38)(39) . However, after adjusting for adult BMI only one positive association remained, and this was for the cumulative change in BMI from childhood to adulthood (39) .…”

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is estimated to be 35 %. These trends are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. The aim of this review was to investigate the long-term implications of childhood obesity for metabolic and cardiovascular health, focusing on the independent contribution of childhood obesity to adult disease risk, as distinct from associations mediated by tracking of obesity across the lifespan. The data systematically reviewed provide little evidence to suggest that childhood overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular risk during adulthood. Instead, the data demonstrate that the relationships observed are dependent on tracking of BMI between childhood and adulthood, alongside persistence of dietary patterns and physical activity. Adjustment for adult BMI uncovers unexpected negative associations between childhood BMI and adult disease, suggesting a protective effect of childhood obesity at any given level of adult BMI. Further work is required to explain these findings, both in terms of pathways and statistical artefacts. To conclude, it must be stressed that it is not suggested that childhood obesity is without negative consequence. Childhood obesity is clearly associated with a range of adverse physical and psychological outcomes. However, the data are important in supporting a positive message that the long-term consequences of childhood obesity are avoidable; and that there remains opportunity for intervention across the lifespan. This nuance in understanding long-term risk is important when considering the effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the lifespan. Childhood: Obesity: Metabolic syndrome: Cardiovascular disease: Blood pressureThe worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is currently estimated to be 35 %, rising to over 70 % in some population groups, with rates of obesity nearly doubling between 1980 and 2008 (1) . This is a global phenomenon, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in low-and middleincome countries on the rise, mirroring their transition to the obesogenic environments more commonly associated with 'Western' living. The relationship between obesity and risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood has long been established, with a wealth of evidence demonstrating the considerable impact of excess adiposity on the health and wellbeing of populations (2) . The trends in adult overweight and obesity are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. It has been estimated that 200 million school-aged children were overweight or obese in 2010 worldwide, with a prevalence of >20 % in European states and >30 % in regions of North America (3) . In the UK, the 2007 Foresight report showed that about 8-10 % of girls and boys were obese in 2004, and this was projected to rise to an estimated 25 % by 2050 (4)...

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“…There is evidence that primary high blood pressure (HBP), independent risk factor for the two most common causes of death among adults in Brazil (stroke and heart disease) 1 , has its roots in childhood or adolescence 2 , and several studies have shown that high levels of blood pressure at this age are predictors of hypertension in young adults 3,4 , a phenomenon known as tracking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%