Care Models for Long COVID : A Rapid Systematic Review

Abstract

ContextMore than 18M people worldwide (150K Canadians) are living with Long COVID resulting in debilitating sequalae and disabilities that impact their quality of life and capacity to return to work. A new care model is needed for persons living with this complex and multi-systemic disease.ObjectivesWhat is the best-available evidence about care models for persons living with Long COVID?DesignRapid Living Systematic Review.MethodWe systematically searched seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, COVID-END, L-OVE, CDRS and WHO Ovid) on May 27th, 2021. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts and full text. We included studies reporting on 1- persons living with Long COVID and 2- proposing a specific care model (i.e., dedicated clinic, care pathway). We extracted characteristic of studies (e.g., countries, study design, age group), referral pathways targeted (e.g., hospitalized, community), reporting of the care model implementation with number of patients, clinical settings of care model (e.g., primary care), healthcare professions included in the care model, care model principles (e.g., person-centred care) and care model components (e.g., standardized symptoms assessment). We used descriptive statistics and frequency count.ResultsWe screened 2181 citations, read 65 full text and included 12 eligible articles reporting on care models for Long COVID. Half studies were from the United Kingdom. 7 out of 12 models reported conceptual models without a description of implementation. All but one model was designed for discharge and long-term follow-up of hospitalized patients and half models were designed for non- hospitalized or patients who lived with the disease only in the community. Nine out of 12 care models included primary care, 8 out of 12 included specialized clinics and all studies included rehabilitation services. A total of 30 healthcare professions and medical specialties were proposed for staffing Long COVID services. More than half studies proposed multidisciplinary teams, integrated/coordination of care, evidence-based care and patient-centred care as key care model principles. Standardized symptom assessment, follow-up system and virtual care were the most frequent care model components.ConclusionThe implementation of care models for Long COVID is underway in several countries. Care models need to include both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. A complete care model for this population appears to design a care pathway integrating primary care, rehabilitation services and specialized clinics for medical assessment. The entry into care pathways is likely possible through a centralized referral system. It is possible to design sustainable and equitable care pathways for Long COVID in Canada integrated in current infrastructure.Protocol/Topic RegistrationCRD42021282266SummaryAn estimated 150K Canadians, mostly women, are facing debilitating sequalae and disabilities from Long COVID that impact their quality of life and capacity to return to work. A new care model is needed for persons with this complex and multi-systemic disease. We identified international care models describing the integration of primary care, rehabilitation services and specialized assessment clinics for Long COVID.ImplicationsLimited evidence from this review of international care models for Long COVID point out to a care model for the Canadian context that should be co- designed with patients, clinicians, decision makers and researchers, and include: 1- A coordination unit to centrally receive referrals from both hospitalized and community-based patients; 2- Training of primary care teams to screen and support medical needs; 3- Integrated local multidisciplinary rehabilitation services; and 4- Access to medical specialty clinics for advanced testing and diagnoses.What is the current situation?More than 150K Canadians are with living the affliction of Long COVID, the patient-led term to describe long-term consequences of COVID-19. Long COVID is a multi-systemic and unpredictable disease impacting quality of life and return to work in middle aged population. To avoid widespread long-term disabilities impacting public health, Canadian provinces are seeking to organize a sustainable and equitable care model for Long COVID.What is the objective?To provide the best-available evidence about care models for persons living with Long COVID.How was the review conducted?We systematically searched seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, COVID-END, L-OVE, CDRS and WHO Ovid) on May 27th, 2021.Two independent reviewers screened title, abstract and full text.We included studies reporting on 1- persons living with Long COVID (post- hospitalized and community based) and 2- a specific care model (i.e., dedicated clinic, care pathway).We extracted characteristic of studies, referral pathways, clinical settings of care model, healthcare professions included in the care models, care model principles, care model components and reporting of the care model implementation.What did the review find?We found 12 international care models for Long COVID that covers follow-up of patients discharged following a hospitalization and patients who had lived the infection in the community.Most reported elements included in these care models were a coordination unit, primary care pathways, access to multidisciplinary rehabilitation and specialized medical services.The impact and costs of these care models are not yet reported.

The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic

“…22 This strategy is highly problematic for COVID-19, because many infected people will die of the disease, and many who survive have what is known as long COVID. 23 Second is the limited control case in which R is reduced to less than R 0 =2•4 but remains greater than 1. In this case, the epidemic still grows exponentially, but less rapidly than with no control measures.…”

Post-COVID-19 syndrome, low-grade inflammation and inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study

“…The PCS has led healthcare organizations to develop new care units with multidisciplinary teams, in which rehabilitation services play a key role 11 , 12 . A systematic review analysing 12 international models of PCS care has shown that most of them include primary care and/or specialized clinics, and they all include rehabilitation services tailored to the patient’s needs 13 . With regard to assessment, the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale (C19-YRS), the Newcastle post-COVID screening tool and the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale (PCFS), have been proposed to track functional outcomes in patients affected by this complex multi-organ disorder 13–15 .…”

Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic to Improve the Health, Social Care, and Well-being of Minoritized Ethnic Groups With Chronic Conditions or Impairments: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study

“…Posters, advertisements, and snowball sampling will target those who lack resources or technology to be recruited via online messages; they can contact us by telephone or email. Collaborators will provide recruitment and data collection support through organizations such as Born in Bradford (BiB) in Yorkshire, a long COVID center [ 85 ] in Gateshead, the Bromley-by-Bow community center in East London, and migrant charities in London and Canterbury.…”